PERAN MODAL SOSIAL DALAM PELESTARIAN HUTAN (Studi Keberadaan Hutan Larangan Adat Kenegerian Rumbio Di Desa Rumbio, Pulau Sarak, Padang Mutung dan Koto Tibun Kecamatan Kampar Kabupaten Kampar)
M. RIJAL, Dr. Erwan Agus Purwanto
2013 | Tesis | S2 Magister Adm. PublikKerusakan kawasan hutan negara yang terjadi di Indonesia khususnya di Kabupaten Kampar sangat tinggi. Namun disisi lain Masyarakat Adat Kenegerian Rumbio mampu mempertahankan kelestarian Hutan Larangan Adat seluas 538 Ha walaupun secara fungsi baik berdasarkan Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan (TGHK) maupun berdasarkan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Provinsi Riau (RTRWP) berada di luar Kawasan Hutan (Non Kawasan Hutan). Hutan Larangan Adat Kenegerian Rumbio dikelola oleh masyarakat secara swadaya dibawah Kelembagaan Adat Kenegerian Rumbio. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan peran modal sosial dalam terbentuknya masyarakat adat Kenegerian Rumbio dan bentuk pengelolaan hutan yang dilakukan oleh Masyarakat Adat Kenegerian Rumbio sehingga bekerja secara efektif dalam mempertahankan kelestarian Hutan Larangan Adat Kenegerian Rumbio. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif yang disajikan secara deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Logika teoritis yang melandasi penelitian ini yakni keberadaan modal sosial yang dimiliki oleh Masyarakat Adat Kenegerian Rumbio mampu bekerja secara efektif untuk mengatur dan mengelola hutan larangan adat yang dapat mempertahankan keberadaan dan kelestariannya. Unsur-unsur modal sosial seperti nilai-nilai adat, norma, kepercayaan dan partisipasi masyarakat mampu membentuk suatu ikatan di dalam masyarakat untuk bekerjasama secara proaktif dalam mempertahankan tradisi dan kebesaran adat Kenegerian Rumbio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modal sosial berperan dalam terbentuknya masyarakat adat dan persukuan melalui nilai-nilai yang diyakini masyarakat bahwa garis keturunan ibu merupakan kekerabatan yang sangat dekat. Kelestarian Hutan Larangan Adat Kenegerian Rumbio dapat bertahan karena adanya modal sosial (social capital) yang dimiliki oleh Masyarakat Adat Kenegerian Rumbio. Unsur-unsur modal sosial yang berperan adalah nilai-nilai (values) yakni nilai-nilai adat dan kekerabatan, Norma (norm) yakni sanksi-sanksi adat yang bersifat adil, partisipasi (participation) masyarakat dalam memberikan pendapat dan pengawasan serta rasa percaya (trust) yang timbul karena adanya nilai, norma, ninik mamak yang menjadi panutan. Selain itu adanya manfaat yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat terhadap keberadaan hutan larangan menimbulkan rasa percaya diantara masyarakat untuk saling menjaga keberadaan hutan larangan adat. Perpaduan unsur modal sosial dan dukungan pemerintah pada akhirnya menimbulkan tindakan proaktif masyarakat untuk menjaga dan mengawasi hutan larangan secara bersama (collective action). Pemerintah diharapkan untuk menjadikan modal sosial dan kearifan lokal yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat sebagai basis dalam mengelola hutan pada daerah-daerah yang teridentifikasi memiliki institusi lokal yang kuat. Partisipasi masyarakat dalam menjaga hutan merupakan kunci keberhasilan dari pengelolaan hutan. Pengelolaan hutan hendaknya mengintegrasikan antara pengelolaan berbasis hukum adat yang ada pada institusi lokal dengan hutan negara. Masyarakat adat yang masih eksis dan mempunyai fungsi yang masih efektif dalam menjaga tatanan kehidupan masyarakat adat dapat dijadikan sebagai pola pengelolaan yang diakui secara hukum untuk mengelola lingkungannya dalam rangka pengelolaan hutan lestari sesuai dengan tata cara setempat.
The damage of the state forest area that was occurs in Indonesia particularly in Kampar Regency was very severe. But in other side the Indigenous Community of Kenegerian Rumbio (Masyarakat Adat Kenegerian Rumbio) a able to maintain the preservation of Indigenous Prohibited Forest (Hutan Larangan Adat) about 538 Ha though in functionality both based on Agreement Forest Usage Management (Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan) and based on Area Space Management Plan (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah) of Riau Province is located outside the Forest Area (non forest area). Indigenous Prohibited Forest of Kenegerian Rumbio was managed by the community by their own effort under the indigenous institution of Kenegerian Rumbio. The study was aimed to describe the role of social capital in culture indigenous community establishment of Kenegerian Rumbio and the form of forest management that has been being performed by the Indigenous Community of Kenegerian Rumbio so the able to work effectively in maintaining the preservation of Indigenous Prohibited Forest of Kenegerian Rumbio. The study used qualitative method that was presented descriptively. Data collecting was performed by in depth interview, observation and documentation study. The theoretical logic that is underlying the study is the existence of social capital that has been being owned by Indigenous Community of Kenegerian Rumbio so they able to work effectively to regulate and managing the Indigenous Prohibited Forest so they able to maintain their existence and conservation. The elements of social capital such as cultural values, community trust and participation able to form any relationship in the community to arrange cooperation proactively in maintaining their tradition and the cultural greatness of Kenegerian Rumbio. The result of the study showed that the social capital had role in the cultural and tribal community establishment through values that they had been believed that the matriarchy is a very close relative. The preservation of Indigenous Prohibited Forest of Kenegerian Rumbio able to survive because the social capital that has been owned by the Indigenous Community of Kenegerian Rumbio. The elements of social capital that had a role were values that are cultural and relative (family) values, norm that was justice cultural sanction, community participation in expressing their opinion and supervision and trust that is raised because values, norms, and the presence of ninik mamak that had been as a figure. Other of that, the presence of benefit that the community had been feeling of the Prohibited Forest rise a trust feeling among the communities to together conserve the Indigenous Prohibited Forest. The integration of social capital elements and the support from the government in turn triggering proactive participation by the community to keep and supervise the Prohibited Forest collectively (collective action). The government was expected to make a social capital as a local wisdom that is owned by the community as a basic in the management of the forest in the regions that was already identified have a strong local institution. The community participation in maintaining a forest is a key for the success of the forest management. The forest management is advisable integrating between cultural law base management that is existed in local institution with state forest. The indigenous community that is still existed and had an effective function in maintaining the indigenous community life able to be made as a management model that is recognized by the law to manage an environment in order to manage the preservation (conservation) of the forest appropriate to the local wisdom.
Kata Kunci : Modal sosial, Masyarakat Adat Kenegerian Rumbio, Hutan Larangan Adat, Kelestarian Hutan
