Kesadaran emosi dan meta-emosi dalam empat pendekatan psikoterapi

Tiara Ratih Widiastuti, Prof. J. E. Prawitasari, Ph.D.

2012 | Tesis | S2 Magister Profesi Psikologi

Psikoterapi kelompok merupakan metode intervensi yang sudah lazim digunakan. Tiga pendekatan berorientasi proses, yaitu Gestalt, Psikodinamika, dan Interaksional, juga sudah sering diaplikasikan dalam psikoterapi kelompok. Namun demikian, minim ditemukan penelitian tentang proses psikoterapi kelompok dengan tiga pendekatan tersebut untuk mencapai kesadaran emosi dan perubahan meta-emosi. Perkembangan jaman memunculkan kebutuhan atas terapi yang efektif namun cepat memunculkan insight dan ekonomis, oleh karena itu dikembangkan pendekatan Berfokus-pada-data. Diharapkan pendekatan ini dapat menjawab tantangan tersebut. Penelitian eksperimental ini diikuti oleh 21 orang peserta yang dibagi ke dalam empat kelompok eksperimen, yaitu Kelompok Data-focused (KD), Kelompok Gestalt (KG), Kelompok Interaksional (KI), dan Kelompok Psikodinamika (KP). Tujuannya memahami proses psikoterapi kelompok Gestalt, Psikodinamika, Interaksional, dan Berfokus-pada-data dalam memfasilitasi tercapainya kesadaran emosi dan meta-emosi. Selain itu, dilihat juga kesetaraan kemampuan pendekatan Berfokus-pada-data dengan tiga pendekatan tradisional lain. Evaluasi atas proses dan hasil psikoterapi dilakukan secara kuantitatif. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Skala kesadaran Emosi (SKE), Skala Meta-emosi (SME), Emotional Awareness Behavioral Checklist (EABC), dan Meta-emotions Behavioral Checklist (MEBC). Meskipun uji statistik menunjukkab tidakadanya perbedaan signifikan selama pretest, posttest, dan follow-up, namun pengamatan visual terhadap grafik perubahan rerata skor menunjukkan adanya perubahan. Perbedaan perubahan kesadaran emosi dan meta-emosi antar kelompok eksperimen tidak signifikan berdasarkan Kruskall-Wallis H Test. Hal ini mengidikasikan bahwa pendekatan Berfokus-pada-data mempunyai kemampuan yang setara dengan tiga pendekatan tradisional lainnya

Group psychotherapy is a well-known intervention method. Three process-oriented approaches, which are gestalt, psychodynamic, and interactional, have also been applied numerous times in group psychotherapy. However, there are only a few studies examining group psychotherapy process using those three approaches in order to reach emotional awareness and meta-emotions change. Development of the ages causes the arise of the need for effective and economical therapy yet promptly produces insight. Therefore, data-focus approach is developed. The approach is expected to asnwer to the challenge. The experimental study was attended by 21 participants grouped into 4 experiment groups, which are Data-focused Group (DG), Gestalt Group (GG), Interactional Group (IG), and Psychodynamic Group (PG). The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of gestalt, psychodynamic, interactional, and data-focus group psychotherapy approaches towards emotional awareness and meta-emotions. Moreover, processes of four psychotherapy sessions were also observed to see the compatibility of data-focus approach’s ability to three other traditional approaches’. Evaluations on processes and psychotherapy results were carried out quantitatively using Emotional Awareness Scale (EAS), Meta-emotions Scale (MES), Emotional Awareness Behavioral Checklist (EABC), and Meta-emotions Behavioral Checklist (MEBC). Though Friedman Test result showed thatthe difference of emotional awareness and meta-emotions of each group during three times of measurement were not significant, visual inspection towards graphics of means indicated that changes was occured. Differences of emotional awareness and meta-emotions change among groups were also not significant based on the result of Kruskall-Wallis H Test. It indicated that data-focus approach had equal effectiveness compared to three other traditional approaches.

Kata Kunci : psikoterapi kelompok, pendekatan berfokus-pada-data, kesadaran emosi, meta-emosi