Studi Perbandingan Mengenai Perkembangan Kebudayaan Politik Antara Indonesia dan Mesir Dalam Konteks Demokratisasi

KOHEI NAITO, Prof. Dr. Budi Winarno MA

2012 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Politik/Hubungan Internasional

Tesis ini merupakan sebuah studi perbandingan antara kasus Indonesia dan Mesir mengenai kebudayaan politik dalam konteks demokratisasi. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui, bagaimana perbedaan kebudayaan politik antara Indonesia dan Mesir, serta alasan mengapa perbedaan tersebut muncul. Untuk menemukan alasan tersebut, tesis ini melihat perbedaan peranan tiga aktor terdiri dari parpol, badan dan aktivitas masyarakat serta organisasi Islam dalam mendorong sosialisasi dan partisipasi politik antara kedua negara tersebut. Tesis ini menggunakan teori demokratisasi dan teori kebudayaan politik. Menurut Saiful Mujani (2007), demokratisasi di suatu negara akan dipengaruhi kebudayaan politik. Kemudian, menurut Gabriel Almond, dan Sidney Verba (1963 dan 1980), kebudayaan politik dipengaruhi pengalaman masyarakat dalam sosialisasi dan partisipasi politik. Dalam kasus Indoensia dan Mesir, pengalaman tersebut akan dialami melalui kegiatan aktor-aktor sosial, antara lain parpol, badan dan aktivitas masyarakat, dan organisasi Islam. Makanya, tesis ini mengambil hipotesis bahwa, peranan ketiga aktor tersebut berbeda antara Indonesia dan Mesir sehingga masyarakat di masing-masing negara menjalani pengalaman dalam sosialisasi dan partisipasi politik yang berbeda, dan perbedaan pengalaman inilah mengakibatkan perbedaan kebudayaan politik. Tesis ini menyimpulkan setidaknya tiga hal. Pertama, kebudayaan politik baik Indonesia maupun Mesir bisa dikategorikan dalam kebudayaan gabungan antara kebudayaan parokial-partisipan dan subyek-partisipan. Namun keduannya berbeda dalam hal bahwa, komponen kebudayaan partisipan dominan dalam kebudayaan politik Indonesia sementara komponen kebudayaan parokial, subyek dan partisipan seimbang dalam kebudayaan politik Mesir, serta hal bahwa orientasi evaluatif menonjol dalam kebudayaan politik Indonesia sementara orientasi afektif menonjol dalam kebudayaan politik Mesir. Kedua, peranan parpol sama-sama tidak signifikan di Indonesia dan Mesir, peranan badan dan aktivitas masyarakat signifikan di Indonesia dan kurang signifikan di Mesir. Peranan organisasi Islam sangat signifikan baik di Indonesia maupun di Mesir, namun strategi dan ideologinya berbeda satu sama lain, sehingga menimbulkan dampak yang berbeda terhadap pengalaman tersebut di masing-masing masyarakat. Ketiga, setiap aktor berbedaan atas peranan, strategi dan ideologi, dan ketiga perbedaan inilah merupakan faktor penyebab perbedaan kebudayaan politik antara kdua negara tersebut.

This thesis is a comparative study between Indonesian and Egyptian case on political culture in the context of democratization. This thesis is aimed to know what the differences of those two countries’ political culture are, and what makes them different. In order to find out the reasons, this thesis also sees the differences of three actors roles, consisting of political parties, social bodies and movements, and Islamic organization, in promoting socialization and political participation their own societies. This thesis adopts democratization theory and political culture theory. Saiful Mujani (2007) says that democratization in one country can be influenced by its political culture. Then, Gabriel Almond, and Sidney Verba (1963 and 1980) say that political culture in one country could can influenced by the experiences of citizen in socialization and political participation. In Indonesian and Egyptian cases, it can be said that citizen would experience them through the activities in some social actors, especially political parties, social bodies and movements, and Islamic organization. Therefore, this research is based on hypothesis that differences of those three actors’ roles between the countries would cause citizen in each country to experience socialization and political participation differently, and then it would cause the differences of their political cultures. Conclusions of this thesis include at least three facts. First, both of Indonesian and Egyptian political culture can be categorized in same one, that is, combination of parochial-participant culture and subject-participant culture. But there are differences between them in sense that the component of participant culture is dominant within Indonesian political culture while there is balance of significance among three components, which consist of parochial, subject and participant culture, within Egyptian one, and also sense that evaluative orientation is outstanding citizen’s political orientation tends to be evaluative in Indonesia while affective in Egypt. Secondly, the roles of political parties in both two countries are not significant, while those of social bodies and movements are different between them. Then, although Islamic Organizations play an important role in both countries, their strategies and ideologies, which are quite distinct from each other, create the distinct kind and degree of impact on their own citizen’s experiences. Thirdly, it is the differences between two countries on the role of these three actors in each society that cause political cultures in the countries different.

Kata Kunci : studi perbandingan, demokratisasi, kebudayaan politik, sosialisasi, partisipasi politik, parpol, badan dan aktivitas politik, organisasi Islam