PERAN PEMERINTAH DALAM PROSES INDUSTRIALISASI ; STUDI KASUS UPGRADING INDUSTRI KELAPA SAWIT MALAYSIA

SILSILA ASRI, Drs. Umar Salam, MIS.

2012 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Politik/Hubungan Internasional

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji peran pemerintah Malaysia dalam pengembangan industri minyak kelapa untuk posisi diri itu sebagai 'industri kelapa sawit terkemuka di dunia'. Malaysia menjadi penggerak pertama dalam komersialisasi minyak sawit antara semua produsen minyak sawit lainnya seperti Indonesia, Columbia, Nigeria dan Afrika Barat. Malaysia tidak hanya sebagai produsen dan eksportir utama minyak sawit mentah (CPO), tetapi juga sebagai pusat produksi Processed Palm Oil (PPO), seperti oleokimia, biodiesel dan produk jadi berbasis Minyak Sawit. Malaysia secara intensif melakukan upgrading dalam industri minyak kelapa sawit dengan mengembangkan penelitian teknologi baru untuk mengolah minyak sawit menjadi produk-produk yang lebih bermanfaat dan bernilai tambah tinggi. Upgrading adalah bagian dari upaya industrialisasi untuk membuat dirinya menjadi 'produsen unik' atau berbeda dengan produsen lain di pasar dunia yang kompetitif. Industrialisasi adalah aplikasi teknologi tinggi dalam pengolahan komoditas untuk menghasilkan produk bernilai tambah tinggi. Upgrading terjadi sepanjang rantai produksi dan memerlukan strategi kolaborasi antara stakeholder yang adalah pemain utama dalam industri tersebut. Hal ini disebut sebagai governance dalam rantai nilai analisis global value chain (GVC) yang merupakan salah satu alat analisis utama dalam penelitian ini. Analisis GVC mengidentifikasi bahwa ada konektivitas erat antara kisah sukses upgrading dan pola tata kelola dalam manajemen industri. Pemerintah adalah bagian dari external governance yang memiliki kekuatan untuk memaksa implementasi kebijakan industri. Dalam menganalisis peran pemerintah dalam industri, penelitian ini menerapkan kebijakan industri, pendekatan institusionalisme yang dikemukakan oleh Ha-Joon Chang. Chang berpendapat bahwa pemerintah memiliki peran strategis dalam mengarahkan jalan industrialisasi, state as entrepreneur dan state as Manager of Conflict. Malaysia memainkan kedua peran dalam mengarahkan industrialisasinya. Berdasarkan analisis di atas dan bukti empiris, studi ini menemukan bahwa faktor penentu keberhasilan (Critical Ssuccess Factor) yang mendorong kemajuan di Industri Minyak Sawit Malaysia adalah kerjasama dan kolaborasi sistemik yang efektif dan sinergi antara sektor swasta dan sektor publik.

The objective of this study is to examine the role of the government of Malaysia in palm oil industry development to position it’s self as ‘the premier palm oil industry in the world’. Malaysia becomes the first mover in commercialization of palm oil among all of other palm oil producers such as Indonesia, Columbia, Nigeria and West Africa. Malaysia is not only as the major crude palm oil (CPO) producer and exporter but also as the hub of processed palm oil (PPO) products, such as oleochemicals, biodiesel and finished products. Malaysia intensively upgrades its palm oil industries by developing research and development in finding the new technology to process palm oil becomes more valuable products. Upgrading is part of industrialization efforts to make itself be ‘a unique producer’ or different with other producers in a competitive world market. Industrialization is high tech application in processing the commodities to produce value added products which is marketable. Upgrading occurs along the supply chain and it needs collaborative strategies among the stakeholders who are main players in those industries. It is called as governance in global value chain (GVC) analysis which is one of the main analysis tools in this study. GVC analysis identified that there is close connectivity between success story of upgrading and governance’s pattern in industrial management. Government is part of external governance which has power to force the industrial policies. In analyzing the role of government in industry, this study applies industrial policy, an institutionalism approach which is suggested by Ha- Joon Chang. Chang argued that government has strategic role in direct the path of industrialization, state as entrepreneur and state as manager of conflict. Malaysia plays both roles in directing her industrialization. Malaysia incorporated is the main concept to implement her role as the entrepreneur by establishing Government Link Companies (GLCs). In Palm oil Industries, Malaysia established government schemes which master 36% of all palm oil productions. Beside that government built infrastructure and provide incentives to encourage the entrepreneurs to produce palm oil finished products. In upgrading efforts, government established MPOB (Malaysian Palm Oil Board) which conduct research and development, transfers and commercialization technology. MPOB intensively cooperates and collaborates with private sectors and research institutions. As the manager of conflict, government attempt to solve all of the problems emerged in industrialization process, such as ethnicity issue in distribution and participation, economic crises and the obstacles in upgrading process. Based on analysis above and the empirical evident, this study found that the critical success factor (CSF) which drives advances in Malaysian Palm Oil Industry is the effective and synergies systemic cooperation and collaboration between private sector and public sector.

Kata Kunci : upgrading, rantai nilai global, kebijakan industri, industri kelapa sawit