DINAMIKA MEKANISME PENGUATAN JARINGAN SOSIAL DALAM WAHANA KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL BERBASIS MASYARAKAT (WKSBM) (Studi di Desa Merdikorejo, Kec.Tempel, Kab. Sleman)

DRA RA ISNAWANGSIH ANGGARANI, Drs. Suparjan, M.Si.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Sosiologi minat Kebijakan dan Kesejahteraan Sosial

WKSBM lahir dengan berbagai alasan antara lain Pemerintah berada pada posisi sangat terbatas baik pada penjangkauan pelayanan maupun pendanaan, sehingga masyarakat di tingkat komunitas lokal memiliki kapasitas pertama dan utama dalam mengidentifikasi , mendeteksi dan mengambil keputusan serta membuat rencana aksi atau tindakan tingkat pertama yang efektif dalam penanganan permasalahan kesejahteraan sosial di lingkungannya. Selain itu usaha kesejahteraan sosial berbasis masyarakat secara substansi mengembalikan pelayanan kesejahteraan sosial pada mekanisme pasar. Hal demikian sekaligus mendorong makin pentingnya orientasi privatisasi pelayanan yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat sebagai sebuah gerakan di kemudian hari. Penumbuh-kembangan dan pemberdayaan Community Base Organization (CBO) sebagai elemen dasar masyarakat warga, juga memiliki peran dan fungsi yang sangat mendasar dalam memberikan dukungan pelaksanaan otonomi daerah, terutama dalam mendukung dan meningkatkan pelayanan publik di bidang kesejahteraan sosial. Realita itulah yang kemudian menjadi alasan mendasar pemberdayaan KPS yang telah berkembang di tingkat lokal tersebut mulai tahun 2004 oleh Kementerian Sosial RI melalui Dinas Sosial Provinsi dengan memfasilitasi pembentukan suatu jaringan dikenal sebagai Wahana Kesejahteraan Sosial Berbasis Masyarakat (WKSBM). Melihat fenomena diatas maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk dapat mengungkap dan menjelaskan dinamika mekanisme penguatan jaringan sosial dalam WKSBM dan untuk dapat mengungkap serta menjelaskan seberapa jauh WKSBM melakukan fungsi koordinasi antar KPS. Penelitian ini berlokasi di Desa Merdikorejo, Kecamatan Tempel, Kabupaten Sleman, dipilihnya lokasi ini karena menjadi salah satu lokasi program WKSBM dan terletak pada daerah pedesaan yang mana gaya kerja masyarakatnya komunal dan gotong royong serta masih memegang tradisi. Peneliti menggunakan metode observasi langsung, wawancara dan dokumentasi untuk mendapatkan data-data pendukung penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa modal sosial hanya berfungsi bagi individu yang memiliki jaringan sosial dalam masyarakat. PMKS sebagai warga masyarakat tidak banyak kesempatan untuk mengikuti aktivitas sosial, akibatnya mekanisme kerja modal sosial tidak banyak menjangkau PMKS. Kehadiran WKSBM dalam konteks menangani masalah PMKS seperti ditunjukkan di lokasi penelitian relevan untuk menjawab PMKS yang kurang diperhatikan oleh masyarakat sekitarnya. WKSBM akan lebih mudah berkembang apabila ditumbuhkan dari sebuah lembaga sosial yang telah ada sebelumnya sehingga WKSBM tidak sepenuhnya ditumbuhkan dari awal. Pengalaman pengurus dalam mengelola sebuah lembaga sangat berpengaruh terhadap kelancaran aktivitas organisasi. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan adanya berbagai kendala yang dihadapi pengelola WKSBM, yaitu belum seluruh masyarakat memahami WKSBM. Sedangkan respon PMKS terhadap WKSBM ada tiga macam yaitu selalu mengharapkan mendapatkan bantuan secara rutin dari WKSBM., kemudian ada yang berterima kasih atas bantuan dari WKSBM serta ada pula yang menolak bantuan WKSBM karena merasa sudah mampu.

Social Welfare Based on Community (WKSBM) was born on grounded of many reasons, included the government was in the position that they were having limited recourses in service outreach and funding. Therefore people in the local community had first and foremost capacity in the identification, detection, decision making and creation of the action plan or effective first action in managing social welfare problems in their neighborhood. In addition, the people-based social welfare efforts were substantially restoring the social welfare service to the market mechanism. These efforts also increasing the importance of the privatization orientation in service, which was performed by the people, as the future movement. Moreover, the fostering and the empowering of the Community Base Group (KPS) as the fundamental element of the people holding the important role and significant function in providing support for regional autonomy, especially in maintaining and increasing the public service in social welfare. This reality that become the fundamental rationale for KPS empowering, which started in 2004 by Social Ministry of Republic of Indonesia, was developed in local level through Social Service of Province Government by facilitating the creation of a social network called Social Welfare Based on Community (WKSBM). By observing the above phenomena, this research aimed at revealing and explaining the dynamic of the strengthening mechanism of social network in WKSBM, and finding out how WKSBM performing the coordination function among KPS. This research was conducting in Merdikorejo village, Tempel sub-district, Sleman District. This area was selected on the ground that the village was one of the WKSBM program locations where the villagers having working style as the communal people, enjoying working together and having strong tradition. The researcher was using direct observation, interview and documentation methods in deriving data to support this research. Based on the result of this research, it was suggesting that the social capital functioned only in individual with social network in community. People With Social Welfare Problems (PMKS) as part of the community were not having much opportunity to involve in the social activities, as the consequence, the mechanism of social capital work did not outreach many PMKS. The existence of the WKSBM in the context of serving the PMKS, as showed in the research location, was relevant to answer the question on why the PMKS were not got enough attention from the people around them. Meanwhile, the WKSBM will be easier to develop when it was fostered in a social institution that already existed, where WKSBM not necessarily created from the scratch, for the reason that experience of the existing social institution administrators having great influence on the operation of the organization activities. This research suggesting that there were many problems that has o be faced by the WKSBM administrator, included that not all the community having good understanding of WKSBM. While the PMKS’s responses to the WKSBM were divided into three types, first, they who expected the continuous aids from the WKSBM; second, they who said thanks to the aid, and the last, they who rejected to the WKSBM’s aid for the reason that they were afford and did not need the aid.

Kata Kunci : wahana kesejahteraan sosial berbasis masyarakat, jaringan sosial