Penggunaan bahasa pada karangan berbahasa Indonesia oleh anak kelas VI Sekolah Dasar :: Studi kasus empat sekolah dasar di Kabupaten Sleman

RETNANINGSIH, Agustin, Prof. Dr. I Dewa Putu Wijana, S.U.,M.A

2010 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Penelitian ini membahas penggunaan satuan-satuan kebahasaan dalam karangan berbahasa Indonesia oleh anak kelas VI sekolah dasar. Menurut teori pemerolehan bahasa, anak-anak yang berusia 10 sampai 13 tahun terse but telah menguasai tata bahasa secara lengkap dan memiliki kemampuan bahasa tulis produktif sehingga dimungkinkan memproduksi tulisan yang merepresentasikan gagasan mereka. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menjawab tiga pertanyaan pokok, yakni (1) tipe-tipe karangan berdasarkan unsur-unsur pembentuknya, (2) bentukbentuk nonstandar yang digunakan, serta (3) korelasi antara latar belakang anak dengan performa karangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam kerangka teori struktur bahasa Indonesia standar dan teori psikolinguistik mengenai perkembangan bahasa anak. Bahan penelitian ini berupa karangan anak kelas VI sekolah dasar dari empat sekolah dasar yang lahir dan tinggal wilayah administratif Kabupaten Sleman. Pemilihan wilayah tersebut didasarkan pada pertimbangan letak topografi dan situasi diglosik yang ada berupa pemakaian bahasa Jawa sebagai bahasa rendah (Low) dan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa tinggi (High). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tipe-tipe karangan yang dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi empat kategori, yaitu kategori A, B, C, dan D. Keempat kategori tersebut memiliki ciri umum yang berbeda-beda. Anak yang karangannya masuk kategori A diasumsikan telah menguasai struktur bahasa Indonesia dengan baik, menggunakannya dengan tepat dalam tulisan, serta dapat membedakan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia standar, bahasa Indonesia nonstandar, bahasa Jawa, dan bahasa lnggris; yang masuk kategori B diasumsikan telah mengetahui beberapa bentuk satuan kebahasaan bahasa Indonesia standar, tetapi belum menguasai keseluruhan struktur bahasa Indonesia standar sehingga kadang-kadang kalimatnya terpengaruh struktur bahasa Jawa atau bahasa Indonesia nonstandar; yang masuk kategori C diasumsikan belum menguasai struktur bahasa Indonesia standar sehingga dalam karangannya didapati kosakata bahasa Jawa dan struktur bahasa Indonesia non-standar; dan yang termasuk kategori D diasumsikan belum menguasai bahasa Indonesia standar bahkan belum menguasai bahasa tulis produktif. Selain itu, didapati bentuk-bentuk nonstandar yang digunakan dalam karangan meliputi penulisan huruf, pemakaian tanda baca, penulisan kata, dan penerapan struktur. Diidentifikasi juga korelasi antara latar belakang anak dengan performa karangan. Latar belakang anak tersebut meliputi letak geografis tempat tinggal, kegemaran dan kebiasaan, penggunaan teknologi informasi/komunikasi dan jejaring sosial, serta motivasi. Kata kunci: karangan, bahasa Indonesia, kelas enam, perkembangan bahasa.

This research discusses the use of linguistic units in Indonesian composition composed by sixth grade students of elementary school. According to the theory of language acquisition, children aged 1 0 to 13 years have mastered the grammar comprehensively and also they have had the ability of productive written language, therefore, they are able to compose a composition which represents their ideas. This study aims to find the answer of three main questions, they are (1) types of composition based on its constituent, (2) nonstandard forms which are used, and (3) corelation between children 's background with the performance of composition. This research was conducted through the framework of the structure theory of standard Indonesian and the theory of psycholinguistics, particularly the theory of child language development. Material of this research is the composition composed by sixth grade students of elementary school who were born and live in the administrative area of Sleman regency. The selection of the area of research was considered by the topography and the existing of diglossic situation where the Javanese language used as the low language (low) and the Indonesian as the high language (High). The result of research shows that there are several types of composition which can be classified into four categories, namely A, 8, C and D. All of them have different general characteristics. Students who got A were assumed as students who have mastered the Indonesian with a good structure, then used the language in composing the composition correctly, and they were also able to distinguish the use of standard Indonesian, non-standard Indonesian, Javanese language, and English. Moreover, students who got 8 were assumed as students who have learned some forms of linguistic units of standard Indonesian, however they have not mastered the whole structure of standard Indonesian so the structure of non-standard Indonesian or Javanese language, sometimes, influenced the sentences which were composed. Meanwhile, students who got C were assumed as students who have not mastered the structure of standard Indonesian, therefore the Javanese vocabulary and structure are found in the composition. Students who got D were assumed as students who have not mastered the standard Indonesian even the productive written language. In addition, there were non-standard forms used in the composition which include the use of letters, the use of punctuation, the writing of words and the application of structure. It was also identified a correlation between children's background with the performance of composition. Children's background include geographical location, passions and habbits, the use of information technology/communication and social network, as well as motivation. Keywords: composition, Indonesian language, sixth grade, language development.

Kata Kunci : Karangan,Bahasa Indonesia,Kelas enam,Perkembangan bahasa