Rabies pada anjing di Kabupaten Flores Timur :: Studi populasi dan ujicoba oral bait

NANI, Simon, Drh. Heru Susetya, MP, Ph.D

2010 | Tesis | S2 Sain Veteriner

Rabies menjadi masalah serius di Kabupaten Flores Timur karena setiap tahun masih terjadi kasus pada anjing dan manusia. Belum adanya data parameter dan dinamika populasi anjing serta cakupan vaksinasi yang masih rendah merupakan salah satu masalah dalam penanggulangan rabies. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur parameter dan mengetahui dinamika populasi anjing serta mengetahui preferensi anjing terhadap jenis oral bait yang sesuai dan baik untuk digunakan sebagai bait/umpan bila dilakukan vaksinasi rabies per oral. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada lima desa di daerah pedesaan (rural) dan lima kelurahan di perkotaan (urban). Data untuk studi populasi dikumpulkan secara cluster survey menggunakan kuesioner pada setiap kepala keluarga. Ujicoba oral bait menggunakan tiga jenis bait yakni buatan MerialR, bait lokal yang mengandung tepung ikan dan bait kontrol, diberikan pada 34 ekor anjing di urban dan 30 ekor anjing di rural. Analisis data studi populasi dilakukan secara deskriptif menggunakan Statistix for Windows Version 7 sedangkan ujicoba oral bait dengan Analisis of Varians menggunakan Uji Pillais’s Trace, Wilk’s Lambda, Hoteeling Trace and Roys Largest Root-SPSS Version 16. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan anjing di urban (36,20 ekor/km2), lebih tinggi daripada di rural (11,41 ekor/km2), perbandingan jumlah penduduk dengan jumlah anjing di urban 10,99:1 sedangkan di rural 6,04:1, rata-rata jumlah anjing yang dipelihara setiap rumah tangga di urban 2,07+0,3 ekor sedangkan di rural 2,03+0,12 ekor. Sebagian besar masyarakat memelihara anjing untuk menjaga rumah (92,1% di urban dan 92,5% di rural), 96,8% di urban dan 98,5% di rural memelihara anjing dengan cara dilepas/berkeliaran bebas. Berdasarkan kelas umur, jumlah anjing muda (0-<1 tahun) lebih banyak (68,75% di urban dan 58,88% di rural) daripada anjing dewasa (> 1 tahun). Perbandingan jumlah ratarata anjing betina dengan jantan di urban 1:0,96 sedangkan di rural 1:0,82. Laju pertumbuhan populasi di urban 1,56 sedangkan di rural 1,06, prime age di urban pada kelas umur 1-<2 tahun sedangkan di rural 5-<6 tahun, minimum breeding age di urban delapan bulan dan di rural 10 bulan, maksimum breeding age di urban empat tahun dan di rural tujuh tahun. Frekuensi beranak di urban dan rural satu kali per tahun. Litter size di urban dan rural rata-rata empat ekor dengan minimum satu ekor dan maksimum delapan ekor. Ujicoba oral bait menunjukkan bahwa bait lokal yang mengandung bahan tambahan tepung ikan lebih disukai oleh anjing di daerah urban maupun rural daripada bait buatan MerialR. Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan (P=0,000) dari jenis bait terhadap perilaku anjing untuk tertarik dan memakan bait, dan tidak ada pengaruh antara interaksi wilayah urban dan rural dengan jenis bait terhadap perilaku anjing (P=1,103-0,105).

Rabies is a serious problem in the district of Flores Timur as occurs in dogs and man. Low vaccination coverage and the fact that there has never been data on dog population dynamics are among the problems in rabies control. This study was to reveal the parameters and the dynamics of the dog population in the district and to investigate the most preferred oral bait to be used for oral vaccination in dogs. The study was conducted in five villages each in rural and urban areas. Data for population were collected in a cluster survey using a questionaire from every head of the family, while those for oral bait trial were obtained from 34 urban and 30 rural dogs. Three kinds of oral baits were used, namely a MerialR product, local flour-fishmeal mixture, and flour without fishmeal. Descriptively, the obtained data on population study were analized using Statistix for Windows Version 7 software, and those on oral bait trial were statistically analized using Pillai’s Trace, Wilk’s Lambda, Hoteeling Trace and Roys Largest Root Test in SPSS software. The results of the population study showed that the dog density in urban (36.20/km2) was higher than in rural (11.41/km2), the ratio of the human population to the number of dog was 10.99:1 in urban and 6.04:1 in rural areas, the average number of of dog owned by a household was 2.07+0,3 in urban and 2.03+0.12 in rural areas. Most of the dog (92.1% in urban and 92.5% in rural) were used as ho use protection, free ranged (96.8% in urban and 98.5 in rural). Based in age class, the young (0-<1 year old) was higher (68.75% in urban and 58.88% in rural) than older dog. The rate of ratio of female dog to male dog in urban area was 1:0.96 and 1:0.82 in rural area. The rate of dog population growth in urban area was 1.56 and 1.06 in rural area, prime age in urban area was in the class of age 1-<2 year and 5-<6 years in rural area, minimum breeding age in urban was eight months and 10 months in rural, maximum breeding age in urban area was four years and seven years in rural area. The frequency of a bitch giving a birth in urban and rural area was once in a year. The rate of litter size in urban and rural area was four dogs with the minimum of one dog and the maximum of eight dogs. Oral bait trial showed the local bait was significantly preferred by the dogs to the bait made by MerialR (P=0.000) on the dog behaviour to attract and chew the bait but there was no interaction effect between urban and rural area and the kinds of baits on the dog behaviour (P=1.103-1.105).

Kata Kunci : rabies, Kabupaten Flores Timur, dinamika populasi, urban, rural, oral bait, rabies, Flores Timur regency, population dynamics, urban, rural, oral bait