Gagasan demokrasi deliberatif :: Sebuah telaah tentang filsafat politik Jurgen Habermas

JABPAR, Abdul, Dr. P.Hardono Hadi

2009 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Filsafat

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah pemikiran Jürgen Habermas tentang demokrasi deliberatif. Obyek formal penelitian ini ialah filsafat politik dan obyek materialnya adalah pemikiran demokrasi deliberatif Jürgen Habermas, yang ditelaah dengan pendekatan epistemologis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan, yang mempergunakan karya-karya Habermas sebagai sumber data primer. Kemudian, data tersebut ditelaah mempergunakan metode interpretasi dan verstehen guna mendapatkan kesimpulan yang jelas, akurat, dan runtut. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini menjelaskan landasan filsafat politik Habermas, yakni terkait dengan pandangannya tentang realitas (ontology), hakikat manusia (filsafat manusia), pengetahuan (epistemologi), dan nilai (aksiologi). Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini juga menguraikan titik tolak atau asalusul, struktur konseptual, dan kritik terhadap demokrasi deliberatif, serta relevansinya dalam konteks keindonesiaan. Benang merah yang dapat diambil dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: pertama, landasan filsafat politik Habermas ialah realitas sebagai realitas intersubyektif (ontologi), manusia sebagai makhluk komunikatif (filsafat manusia), pengetahuan manusia terkait dengan beragam kepentingan (epistemologi), dan diskursus merupakan metode mencari nilai yang bisa diterima secara kolektif (aksiologi). Kedua, demokrasi deliberatif ialah model demokrasi yang menekankan proses pemberian alasan atas suatu kandidat kebijakan publik yang diuji terlebih dahulu melalui konsultasi publik. Proses deliberasi tersebut berada dalam mekanisme teori diskursus dan rasionalitas komunikatif. Ketiga, Demokrasi deliberatif Habermas bertolak dari ketegangan antara liberalisme yang menekankan otonomi pribadi dan otonomi privat terkait dengan masalah hukum dan negara. Tawaran yang diberikan oleh Habermas untuk menjembatani ketegangan antara liberalisme dan republikanisme tersebut, adalah penciptaan hukum legitim yang bisa melampaui otonomi privat dan otonomi publik. Hukum legitim tersebut diperoleh melalui prosedur “deliberasi” pada ranah politik dan ruang publik. Keempat, demokrasi deliberatif Habermas dikritik oleh beberapa pemikir, seperti: John Rawls, Chantal Mouffe, Jeffrey Flynn, David Peritz, dan Bur Rasuanto. Kritik mereka ditujukan sekitar persoalan validitas dari proseduralisme dan teori diskursus yang merupakan elemen pembentuk konsepsi dasar demokrasi deliberatif. Terakhir, relevansi demokrasi deliberatif Jürgen Habermas dalam konteks keindonesiaan meliputi tiga aspek yaitu: kritik Habermas terhadap kenegaraan integralistik yang dipraktekkan di Indonesia; menggagas sebuah demokrasi deliberatif di Indonesia; dan menciptakan ruang publik yang efektif.

The goal of this research is to analyze the thought of Jürgen Habermas about the deliberative democracy. The formal object of this research is political philosophy and its material object is Jürgen Habermas’ democracy deliberative thought, which is analyzed with an epistemological approach. This research is library research that uses the works of Habermas as primary source of data. Afterward, the data are analyzed with interpretation and verstehen methods in order to obtain a clear, concise and consistent conclusion. On that account, this research explains the ground concept of Habermas’ political philosophy in relation to his view about reality (ontology), the being of human (philosophy of human), knowledge (epistemology), and value (axiology). Furthermore, this research analytically explicates the point of departure or the origin, the conceptual structure, and the existing critiques toward the concept of deliberative democracy, as well as its relation to Indonesian context of operation. A core conception that could be gained from this research is as follow: first, the ground concept of Habermas’ political philosophy are reality as intersubjective reality (ontology), man as communicative being (philosophy of human), knowledge of man as predisposition in relation to objective as interest (epistemology), and discourse as a method in an attempt to seek a certain value which validity could be accepted collectively (axiology). Second, deliberative democracy is a model of democracy that emphasizes the process of yielding a reason of justification for one certain candidate of public policy which is ought to firstly undergo a consultation within a forum of public opinion. That process of deliberation takes place in a mechanism of discourse theory and communicative rationality. Third, Habermas’s deliberative democracy derived from a tension that exists between Liberalism which emphasizes personal autonomy and the private autonomy which relates to the law issue and state. The offer which is yielded by Habermas is hence to bridge the existing tension between Liberalism and Republicanism, that is, by formulating a legitimate rule of conduct which could transcend both private and public autonomy. The legitimate rule of conduct is gained through a deliberative procedure in the context of politics and of public sphere. Fourth, Habermas conception of deliberative democracy has been a subject of criticism for a number of thinkers such as John Rawls, Chantal Mouffe, Jeffrey Flynn, David Peritz and Bur Rasuanto. Their critiques are aimed to an issue concerning the validity of proceduralism and the theory of discourse which are formulator elements of the basis conception of Deliberative Democracy. Finally, the relation of Habermas’ deliberative democracy into Indonesian context of operation consists three points, those are: the critique of Habermas toward integralistic system of the state used in Indonesia; to invent a model of deliberative democracy in Indonesia; to create a public sphere in its most possible effectiveness.

Kata Kunci : Filsafat politik,Demokrasi deliberatif,Prosedural,Teori diskursus,Rasionalitas komunikatif,Hukum,Ruang publik