Perbaikan area kerja di industri garmen dengan pendekatan ergonomi partisipatori dan hubungannya dengan produktivitas dan kualitas

FITRIHANA, Noor, Ir. Rini Dharmastiti, M.Sc., Ph.D

2008 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Mesin

Kondisi lingkungan kerja di industri garmen umumnya di desain kurang memperhatikan aspek ergonomi, kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja. Manajemen perusahaan garmen umumnya memberikan fasilitas kerja di line produksi dengan fasilitas seadanya sehingga lingkungan kerja tidak tertata dengan baik. Kondisi tidak aman dan tidak sehat ini pada akhirnya akan mempengaruhi kenyamanan dalam bekerja dan juga akan mempengaruhi produktivitas karyawan dan kualitas produk. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu usaha memperbaiki kondisi lingkungan kerja untuk mencegah dan mengurangi resiko muskuloskeletal dan mendorong peningkatan produktivitas pekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan intervensi ergonomi dengan pendekatan partisipatori guna memperbaiki lingkungan kerja di industri garmen dan mengetahui hubungan intervensi ergonomi terhadap perubahan keluhan muskuloskeletal, produktivitas dan kualitas. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini mengambil fokus kasus di bagian produksi sewing line di salah satu industri garmen di Yogyakarta. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan angket, observasi dan wawancara serta Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Penelitian dibagi dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah evaluasi ergonomi dan tahap kedua intervensi ergonomi dengan pendekatan partisipatori. Analisis data dilakukan dengan statistik deskriptif Uji T dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% (α=0.05). Hasil evaluasi ergonomi menunjukkan bahwa kondisi suhu dan kelembaban ruang kerja sebesar 31º C dan RH 56,4% dan tingkat pencahayaan antara 132 lux – 571 lux. Kondisi tersebut belum memenuhi standar kesehatan berdasarkan SK MENKES RI 1405/MENKES/XI/2002. Area kerja juga terlihat tidak rapi dan kurang bersih. Keluhan muskuloskeletal yang paling dominan dirasakan oleh operator jahit adalah pada bahu 76,6%, punggung 65,96%, pinggang 63,83% dan leher 61,70%. Perbaikan area kerja yang dilakukan berdasarkan pendekatan partisipatori melalui hasil FGD meliputi kursi dibuat lebih ergonomis, boks bahan ditinggikan, meningkatkan kebersihan area kerja, meningkatkan kualitas pencahayaan, pengaturan area kerja agar lebih rapi dan teratur. Perbaikan area kerja melalui pendekatan partisipatori dalam penelitian ini menghasilkan 75% responden menyatakan merasakan penurunan tingkat keluhan musculoskeletal. Perbaikan area kerja sewing line melalui pendekatan partisipatori juga menghasilkan peningkatan produktivitas dan kualitas produk sebesar 14,6% atau sebesar 136 pieces per hari per line atau 5 pieces per operator per hari. Hasil Uji t menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada penurunan keluhan muskuloskeletal dan peningkatan produktivitas dan kualitas antara sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan intervensi ergonomi perbaikan area kerja. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa intervensi ergonomic dengan pendekatan partisipatori cukup efektif untuk mendorong peningkatan produktivitas.

Aspects of ergonomics, health, and work safety are generally not so much taken into account in the workplace condition in a garment industry. In general, the owner/management of the CMT garment company provides minimum work facilities in the production line so that the workplace is not well arranged. The unsafe and unhealthy condition will eventually influence the comfort in work and will also influence the workers’ productivity and the product quality. For that reason, it is necessary to make an attempt to improve the workplace condition to avoid and reduce musculoskeletal risks and to increase the workers’ productivity. One attempt to increase the productivity and the work quality to yield competitive products is by applying ergonomics. This study attempts to identify ergonomic problems in the workplace condition in a garment industry, to make an ergonomic intervention by the participatory approach to improve the workplace condition in a garment industry, and investigate the relationship between the ergonomic intervention with the participatory approach and changes of musculoskeletal complaints, productivity, and quality. The research problem is focused on the case in the production section of sewing line in a garment industry. The research setting was CV Daya Budaya Yogyakarta. The data were collected through a questionnaire, observations, interviews, and focus group discussions. The study involved two stages. The first stage was the evaluation of ergonomics and the second one was the ergonomic intervention with the participatory approach. The data were analyzed by using the t-test at the significance level of 95% (α = 0.05). The results of the evaluation of ergonomics show that the temperature and humidity are 310 C and RH 56.4%, the lighting level is from 132 lux to 571 lux, which does not meet the health standard based on SK MENKES RI 1405/MENKES/XI/2002, and the work area condition is untidy and dirty. The dominant musculoskeletal complaints launched by sewing operators are 61.70% on the neck, 76.6% on the shoulders, 65.96% on the back, and 63.83% on the waist. The improvement of the workplace condition was made on the basis of the participatory approach through the results of FGD including softer chairs with back supports, lifted material boxes, improvement of the workplace cleanliness, improvement of lighting quality, and the tidier and neater arrangement of the work area. The improvement of the work area through the participatory approach in this study shows that 75% respondents state that they have fewer musculoskeletal complaints. The improvement of the sewing line work area through the participatory approach also yields an increase of productivity and quality as many as 14,6% or 136 pieces in line per day or 5 pieces per operator per day. The result of the t-test shows that there is a significant difference in the decrease of the musculoskeletal complaints and the increase of productivity and quality before and after the ergonomic intervention to improve the work area was conducted.

Kata Kunci : Partisipatori ergonomi,Garmen,Produktivitas,Lingkungan kerja, participatory ergonomics, garment, productivity, workplace