Efektivitas penyaluran bantuan kemanusiaan bagi korban bencana pasca Tsunami 26 Desember 2004 di Banda Aceh :: Studi deskriptif akurasi dan ketepatan penyaluran bantuan logistik dan medis bagi korban luka dan pengungsi di Kota Banda Aceh
MIRZA, Teuku, Prof.Dr. Irwan Abdullah
2007 | Tesis | Magister Administrasi PublikTragedi kemanusiaan terbesar sepanjang abad 21 telah terjadi pada Minggu pagi, 26 Desember 2004, dimana merupakan hari yang tak akan pernah dilupakan oleh seluruh masyarakat Serambi Mekkah-Tanah Rencong dimanapun berada hingga 3-4 generasi mendatang. Hari yang sangat cerah dan indah itu tiba-tiba terkoyak dengan goncangan gempa berkekuatan 8,7 SR, diikuti oleh surutnya air laut hingga 0,5-1 km ke tengah laut, 15 menit kemudian fenomena alam selanjutnya adalah munculnya gulungan gelombang pasang hebat setinggi 5-7 meter (tsunami I) menerjang apapun didepannya berlangsung hampir 10 menit, 5 menit kemudian menyusul terjangan gelombang tsunami II yang jauh lebih dahsyat (merupakan akumulasi dari gelombang tsunami I), ketinggian gelombangnya mencapai 10-12 meter, menghancurkan apapun tanpa ampun, diibaratkan manusia dan benda-benda di-blender, akibatnya ratusan ribu nyawa melayang sia-sia dan hilang, yang selamatpun kondisinya sangat menyedihkan, mengalami luka parah ataupun luka sedang, data Bakornas PBP (H+21) menunjukkan 193 ribu jiwa tewas, 11 ribu jiwa hilang dan 37 ribu orang luka-luka. Beranjak dari latar belakang bencana tsunami Aceh tersebut, dapat dirumuskan permasalahannya, yaitu bagaimana efektifitas penyaluran bantuan kemanusiaan bagi korban bencana tsunami di Banda Aceh dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi efektifitas penyaluran bantuan?. Tipe penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif ini dilakukan dengan pertimbangan: (1) untuk mengetahui akuntabilitas dan responsibilitas pemerintah pusat-daerah dalam menghadapi bencana; (2) sebagai referensi (wacana) bagi birokrasi publik dalam manajemen bencana; (3) tanggungjawab moril serta solidaritas penulis atas hilangnya orang tua dan anggota keluarga juga kerabat dekat akibat bencana tsunami ini. Konsep-konsep yang digunakan sebagai kerangka teori banyak diilhami oleh W. Nick Carter berikut para pakar manajemen bencana yang termuat dalam jurnal-jurnal disaster. Berdasarkan tinjauan pra penelitian dan hasil penelitian dengan pengamatan (participant observer), wawancara terhadap responden dan informan serta dokumentasi, diketahui dampak bencana tsunami ini mengakibatkan kota Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar, dan beberapa kabupaten/kota pesisir Utara dan Barat NAD mengalami kerusakan sangat hebat, kerusakan terparah adalah Meulaboh karena posisinya berhadapan langsung dengan pusat gempa, di Banda Aceh hampir 6 kecamatan (90 %) rusak parah dan 3 kecamatan (60 %) rusak sedang, selama sepekan kondisi Banda Aceh bagaikan kota mati, segala fasilitas penerangan, komunikasi dan sarana umum lumpuh total, korban yang selamatpun harus bertahan, makan-minum seadanya selama 3-7 hari ditengah puing, kubangan sampah dan jasad manusia. Dalam sepekan masa tanggap darurat, pemerintah pusat (Bakornas PBP) dan pemerintah daerah (Satkorlak dan Satlak PBP) dibantu TNI-Polri bersama stakeholders (LSM, International NGOs, PMI, RCR, BUMN, Swasta Nasional, Ormas, Orsos dan komunitas relawan) berjuang untuk meminimalisir jumlah korban agar tidak bertambah dengan tindakan medis (pertolongan pertama) dan evakuasi korban serta meringankan beban penderitaan korban berdasarkan pendekatan nurani, upaya penunjang lain : mendirikan tenda darurat, dapur umum-sanitasi, rumah sakit lapangan serta penyediaan air bersih, dan mempercepat penyaluran bantuan logistik dan medis dari Jakarta, dilanjutkan rehabilitasi fisik-mental/psikologis pengungsi, relokasi dan rekonstruksi infrastruktur. Untuk bantuan logistik masih banyak keterlambatan karena masalah koordinasi, alat transportasi dan mobilisasi (minimnya peralatan berat untuk pembersihan area, tenaga lapangan, BBM juga data, informasi dan komunikasi). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pendistribusian bantuan medis dan logistik bagi korban bencana dan pengungsi belum efektif yang juga dipengaruhi besarnya dampak bencana, penanganannyapun terhambat.
The biggest humanity tragedy during 21st century has been occurred on Sunday morning, December 26, 2006, the day that will never forget by all community in Serambi Mekah-Tanah Rencong (Mecca Veranda - Land of Rencong) wherever they are until next 3-4 generations The bright and beautiful day, abruptly was torn by earthquake shake in 8.7 SR, followed by subsiding of sea water to 0,5-1 km to the sea, 15 minutes later, the next natural phenomena was the rise of formidable tide wave roll with height 5-7 meters (tsunami 1) attacked everything before it and occurred for almost 10 minutes, 5 minutes later the lunge of tsunami wave II followed that more formidable (accumulation of wave of tsunami I), with its height reach 10-12 meters, destroyed everything without mercy. It is like human and things were blended together. In effect, hundreds thousands people become victims in vain and lost, and the survivors, their condition were worse, they have very severe or moderate injury. The data of Bakornas PBP (H+21) showed that 193 thousands people died, 11 thousands people lost and 37 peoples got injury. From the background of the Aceh tsunami, the problems can be formulated namely how effectiveness of humanity relief aid delivery for tsunami victims in Banda Aceh and the factors those influence the effectiveness of aid delivery?. This descriptive study type with qualitative approach was performed with considerations of : (1) to understand central-local government accountability and responsibility in face of disaster; (2) as reference (discourse) for public bureaucrationï€ in disaster management; (3) moral responsibility and solidarity of writer for the lost of parents and family members and other close relatives in this tsunami disaster. The concepts those are used in theory were many inspired by W. Nick Carter and other disaster management expert those are published in journals of disaster. Based on preliminary review and result of the study by observation (participant observer), interview with respondents and informants and documentation, it is known that impact of this tsunami disaster cause cities of Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar and some regencies/city of Northern and Western coast of NAD got formidable destroy. The most severed destroy is Meulaboh because of its position face by face with center of earthquake, in Banda Aceh almost 6 districts (90%) have severe damage and 3 districts (60%) have moderate damage, communication and public facilities are totally paralyzed, the survivors have to survive, eat and drink any kind of meal during 3-7 days in the midst of ruins, waste pile and dead human body. In a week of emergency respon period, central government (Bakornas PBP) and local government (Satkorlak and Satlak PBP) were helped by Indonesian Army-Police and stakeholders (Local NGO, International NGO, Red cross, RCR, BUMN, National Private, Community organization, Social organization and volunteers community) struggle to minimize the victims by medical action (first aid) and victims evacuation and to relief victims suffer, public kitchen, sanitation, field hospital and clean water delivery and give acceleration for logistic and medical aid delivery from Jakarta. They are followed by rehabilitation of physical/mental psychological condition of refugee, relocation and reconstruction of infrastructures. For logistic aids, there are many of them in late because of coordination, transportation and mobilization problems (too little heavy vehicle to clear the area, field personnel, fuel and also data, information and communication). This findings showed that medical and logistic aid distribution for disaster victims were not effective yet that also influenced by the heavy of the disaster impact then the handling was also late.
Kata Kunci : Manajemen Penaggulangan Bencana,Tanggap Darurat,Penyaluran Bantuan Kemanusiaan,Delivery Humanitarian Reliefs, Distribution Equipments, Effectivenes
