Penerapan tanggung jawab Komandan terhadap kejahatan prajurit dalam kerusuhan di Timor-Timur pasca jajak pendapat

KUSWORO, Haryo, Prof.Dr. F. Sugeng Istanto, SH

2006 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Hukum

Penelitian ini adalah merupakan penelitian hukum berupa penelitian tentang penerapan hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pelaksanaan penerapan prinsip tanggung jawab komandan dalam kasus Timor-Timur yang diukur dengan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku dan selanjutnya mencari penyempurnaan pemberlakuan prinsip tanggung jawab komandan/atasan di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan studi kepustakaan, yakni dengan mengkaji dokumen, buku, tulisan-tulisan dan lain-lain untuk mendapatkan data-data yang relevan dengan variabel penelitian baik berupa das Sollen maupun das Sein. Data yang telah dikumpulkan selanjutnya dianalisa dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, yakni dengan cara mengumpulkan dan mengelompokan data, mesistematisir data tersebut dan selanjutnya dijelaskan, kemudian data dinilai berdasarkan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku serta kenyataan dalam kehidupan masyarakat, selanjutnya menetapkan ketentuan hukum yang seharusnya berlaku. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan hukum internasional, hukum nasional Indonesia dan jurisprudensi internasional, setiap komandan/atasan baik atasan sipil maupun polisi dan pimpinan politik dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban secara pidana atas kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh prajurit atau bawahannya. Dalam kerusuhan yang terjadi di Timor-Timur berdasarkan beberapa putusan Pengadilan HAM ad hoc, terungkap bahwa dalam kasus dengan Terdakwa Abilio Jose osorio Soares, Herman Sedyono dkk, Drs. Timbul Silaen, Letkol Asep Kuswani dkk dan Brigjen TNI Tono Suratman, terungkap bahwa terdapat beberapa anggota TNI, anggota Polri dan Pegawai Pemerintah Propinsi Timor-Timur dan Kabupaten di Wilayah Timor-Timur yang merupakan bawahan terdakwa sebagaimana tersebut di atas, telah melakukan pelanggaran berat HAM berupa kejahatan terhadap kemanusian baik sebagai pelaku langsung maupun pelaku tidak langsung berupa tindak pembiaran. Sedangkan berdasarkan putusan Pengadilan HAM ad hoc maupun putusan Mahkamah Agung dalam kasus Timor-Timur, para terdakwa tersebut di atas diputus bebas karena dinyatakan tidak terbukti melakukan pelanggaran berat HAM atas dasar prinsip tanggung jawab komandan/atasan. Atas dasar tersebut, prinsip tanggung jawab komandan/atasan dalam kasus pelanggaran berat HAM yang terjadi di Timor-Timur pasca jajak pendapat belum diterapkan sebagaimana mestinya berdasarkan beberapa instrumen internasional dan nasional serta berdasarkan jurisprudensi pengadilan kejahatan internasional.

The research is a law research in the form of a law application. The aim of the research is to evaluate the realization of the application of the commanders’ responsibility principle in the East Timor case which is measured by the rule of the passed law and then to search the action of perfecting the implementation of the commanders’ responsibility principle in Indonesia. The research was conducted by literature study, that is by investigating the documents, books, articles and others in order to get the data which are relevant to the research variable both in the form of das Sollen and das Sein. Then the data which were collected were analyzed by using qualitative approach, that is by collecting and grouping the data, systematizing the data and then the data were clarified and evaluated based on the rule of the passed law and the facts in the society life, then determining the rule of the law that should be passed. The result of the research shows that based on the International Law, National Law and International Jurisprudence, every commander/superior both civil or police and political party leader could be prosecuted criminally over the crime committed by his soldier or subordinate. Based on the verdicts of the ad hoc Human Right Court on the East Timor riot, on the case with the accused Abilio Jose Osorio Soares, Herman Sedyono et al , Drs. Timbul Silaen. Ltc Asep Kuswani et al and Brig Gen TNI Tono Suratman it was revealed that some members of the Indonesian Armed Forces, some policemen and civil servants of East Timor province and its regencies who were the subordinates of the accused stated above, had breached the human right in the form of crime against humanity both as the direct doers or indirect doers in the form of negligence. Based on the verdicts of ad hoc Human Right Court or verdicts of Supreme Court on the East Timor Case, the accused above were set free because they were proved not to have breached the human right based on the commanders or superiors’ responsibility principle. Based on that verdict, the commanders or superiors’ responsibility principle on the case of human right breach in East Timor after the referendum has not been applied according to the international and national instruments as well as international criminal court jurisprudence.

Kata Kunci : Tanggung Jawab Komandan, Kejahatan Prajurit/Bawahan, Commanders/Superiors’ responsibility, Soldiers/Subordinates’ crime.