Dampak konsolidasi tanah terhadap perubahan sistem budaya Subak :: Studi kasus di SUbak Aya Desa Pakraman Kawan, Kecamatan bangli, Kabupaten Bangli

SUMANTRA, I Wayan, Prof.Dr. Mudiyono

2005 | Tesis | S2 Sosiologi (Kebijakan dan Kesejahteraan Sosial)

Pembangunan berkesinambungan yang dilakukan di berbagai bidang kehidupan masyarakat terutama masyarakat pedesaan, mengharuskan pemerintah menyediakan lahan untuk kepentingan pengembangan dan pembangunan. Sebagai realisasi Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria dan Undang-Undang Nomor 56/Prp/1960, dikembangkan pengelolaan tanah dengan model Land Consolidation atau dalam bahasa Indonesia Kondolidasi Tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Dampak Pelaksanaan Konsolidasi Tanah yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dengan menata suatu kawasan yang diperkirakan akan berkembang pesat menjadi kawasan pemukiman. Sayangnya dalam pelaksanaan dan pengembangan kawasan kurang terorgani sir secara baik, bukan saja berdampak pada subak yang menjadi obyek konsolidasi, namun berdampak kepada subak lain yang berada di hilir. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, teknik pengumpulan data dengan observasi, wawancara secara langsung kepada petugas/pejabat penyelenggara konsolidasi tanah, tokoh masyarakat, pengurus (prajuru) subak dan kerama subak. Subak sebagai suatu hukum adat, dan warisan budaya masyarakat Bali yang bersifat sosioagraris religius telah terkenal dan berfungsi sejak lama. Dilihat dari aspek budaya dengan mengenali unsur-unsurnya maka dalam subak dapat dimengerti adanya unsur-unsur kebudayaan di dalamnya. Secara keseluruhan subak dapat dimengerti dari sistem relegi, sistem organisasi sosial kemasyarakatan, sistem mata pencaharian hidup dan sistem teknologi. Dengan berkembangnya penduduk dan pembangunan yang memerlukan penataan lahan, maka muncul kepentingan untuk melakukan modifikasi terhadap sistem subak yang ada. Modifikasi dalam bentuk land consolidation atau konsolidasi tanah, selain membawa manfaat juga membawa dampak negatif terhadap sistem budaya subak. Dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan terhadap sistem budaya subak khususnya di lokasi penelitian di Subak Aya Desa Pakraman Kawan, Kecamatan Bangli, Kabupaten Bangli yaitu dampaknya terhadap sistem teknologi peralatan. Baik peralatan pertanian tradisional maupun peralatan modern jarang ditemukan di areal konsolidasi tanah untuk pengolahan sawah, perubahan fungsi tanah sawah menjadi lahan pemukiman, telah pula mempengaruhi sistem mata pencaharian masyarakat subak, konsolidasi tanah yang dilakukan di Subak Aya telah memutus rantai kehidupan komunitas kecil/organisasi sosial kemasyarakatan dalam subak, seperti Sekaseka pertanian tradisi onal, serta bervariasinya ritual keagamaan di Subak Aya akibat konsolidasi tanah. Dengan demikian, pelaksanaan konsolidasi tanah yang dilakukan di kawasan Subak Aya selain bermanfaat bagi penataan dan pengembangan pemukiman, juga membawa ekses terhadap ekologi (lingkungan) dan sistem budaya masyarakat subak di Subak Aya, Desa Pakraman Kawan Kecamatan Bangli Kabupaten Bangli.

The development process that is going on today in some respect is in fact a development and a process of change that is well planned in every sector. One of which is the planning for an area which is believed to develop into a massive settlement area. As a realization of the Government’s Legislation No. 5/1960 governing Agrarian Rules of Law and Legislation No 56/Prp/1960, a new system of land management was introduced. This new system is known as Land Consolidation. However, in its real practice, land consolidation has brought some bad effects not only to the subak organization which become the object of the land consolidation, but also to other subak organizations which are located further downstream. This research was conducted with a descriptive quantitative approach, while the data was collected through observation, direct interviews with those who were involved in the land consolidation process, prominent figures of the village, village authorities, and staffs of subak organization as well as its members. Subak as a customary law and a cultural inheritance in Balinese society which is largely socioagraris religious has long been known world wide. There is no doubt that culture is inherent in the subak organization. Subak as a whole can be seen from its religious system, societal organization system, system of labor and employment, and system of technology. With the rapid growth of population and the development which needs increasingly more and more space, an idea to modify the existing subak system finally emerged. This modification, which takes the form of Land Consolidation,on one hand has brought some valuable solutions to settlement problems, but on the other hand it has brought bad effects to the subak systems themselves. One of its bad effect to the subak system, especially the Subak system in Subak Aya, Kawan Village, Bangli District and Bangli Regency, which is the object of our research, is on the system of faming tools technology. Both traditional and modern farming tools can hardly be found in the land consolidation area. The shift of land utilization from agriculture to settlement has changed the labor/employment system of the subak members. The land consolidation in subak Aya has cut the life of some societal organization within the subak itself, like harvest group(seka manyi). It also causes some religious ritual which used to be done in the subak to cease. In short, the land consolidation which was done to Subak Aya area brings good result for the development of settlement area, but it also brings bad effect for the environment as well as subak cultural system in Subak Aya, Kawan Village, District and Regency of Bangli.

Kata Kunci : Organisasi Sosial Kemasyarakatan,Konsolidasi Tanah,Sistem Budaya, Land consolidation, Cultural System, Subak