Hubungan Kondisi Sosial-Ekonomi (Pendidikan, Pekerjaan, Pendapatan) dengan Stigma Masyarakat terhadap Pasien COVID-19 di Indonesia pada Tahun 2020

FATIKAH HASTUTI, Dr. Dra. Retna Siwi Padmawati, MA; dr. Rosalia Kurniawati Harisaputra, MPH; dr. Hayu Qaimumanazzala, MPH

2022 | Skripsi | S1 KEDOKTERAN

Latar Belakang: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan salah satu isu global kesehatan masyarakat pada tahun 2020. Berdasarkan perkembangan virus tersebut, muncul stigma terhadap pasien COVID-19 di masyarakat. Menurut penelitian sebelumnya, pemberian stigma sering kali berkaitan dengan kondisi sosial-ekonomi (pendidikan, pekerjaan, pendapatan) masyarakat. Namun, ada juga hasil penelitian yang tidak sejalan dengan teori itu. Pemberian stigma terhadap pasien COVID-19 dapat mendorong terjadinya masalah kesehatan yang lebih berat. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara kondisi sosial ekonomi (pendidikan, pekerjaan, pendapatan) dengan stigma masyarakat Indonesia terhadap pasien COVID-19. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan studi cross sectional dengan data sekunder "Survei Persepsi Masyarakat dan Stigma terhadap Pasien dan Petugas COVID-19 Tahun 2020" dari Pusat Perilaku dan Promosi Kesehatan Fakultas Kedokteran, Kesehatan Masyarakat dan Keperawatan Universitas Gadjah Mada. Kriteria inklusi penelitian ini yaitu responden berusia lebih dari sama dengan 18 tahun dan berdomisili di Indonesia. Kriteria eksklusi penelitian ini yaitu responden yang tidak mengisi secara lengkap. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis univariabel untuk melihat distribusi frekuensi, serta analisis bivariabel dan multivariabel untuk mengetahui Odds Ratio (OR) dan Confidence Interval 95% (CI 95%). Hasil: Hasil analisis bivariabel menunjukkan pendidikan (OR 3,9, CI 95% 2,38-6,55), pekerjaan (OR 8,7, CI 95% 4,03-18,82), pendapatan (OR 4,8, CI 95% 2,43-9,44), dan usia (OR 2,3, CI 95% 1,49-3,45) berhubungan signifikan dengan stigma pasien COVID-19, sedangkan jenis kelamin (OR 1,4, CI 95% 0,91-2,07) tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan stigma pasien COVID-19. Hasil analisis multivariabel menunjukkan pendidikan (OR 3,8, CI 95% 1,98-7,39), pekerjaan (OR 4,7, CI 95% 1,97-11,43), dan pendapatan (OR 4, CI 95% 1,57-10,43) berhubungan signifikan dengan stigma pasien COVID-19, sedangkan jenis kelamin (OR 1,2, CI 95% 0,78-1,98) dan usia (OR 0,9 CI 95% 0,45-1,92) tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan stigma pasien COVID-19. Kesimpulan: Pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan secara statistik berhubungan signifikan dengan stigma terhadap pasien COVID-19. Penting untuk meningkatkan penyebaran informasi kesehatan kepada masyarakat guna meminimalisasi stigma terhadap pasien COVID-19.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the global public health issues in 2020. Based on the development of the virus, there is a social stigma against COVID-19 patients in the community. According to previous research, stigmatization is often related to the socio-economic conditions (education, occupation, income) of the community. However, there are also research results that are not in line with that theory. The stigmatization of COVID-19 patients can lead to more serious health problems. Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between socioeconomic conditions (education, occupation, income) and the stigma of Indonesian society towards COVID-19 patients. Methods: This study used a cross sectional study with secondary data "Survey of Public Perceptions and Stigma towards COVID-19 Patients and Officers in 2020" from the Center for Health Behavior and Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing. Gadjah Mada University. The inclusion criteria for this study were respondents more than equal to 18 years and domiciled in Indonesia. The exclusion criteria for this study were respondents who did not fill in completely. This study uses univariable analysis to see the frequency distribution, as well as bivariable and multivariable analysis to see the Odds Ratio (OR) and Confidence Interval 95% (CI 95%). Results: The results of bivariable analysis showed education (OR 3.9, CI 95% 2.38-6.55), occupation (OR 8.7, CI 95% 4.03-18.82), income (OR 4.8, CI 95% 2.43-9.44), and age (OR 2.3, CI 95% 1.49-3.45) was significantly related to the stigma of COVID-19 patients, while gender (OR 1.4, CI 95% 0.91-2.07) was not significantly related to the stigma of COVID-19 patients. The results of multivariable analysis showed that education (OR 3.8, CI 95% 1.98-7.39), occupation (OR 4.7, CI 95% 1.97-11.43), and income (OR 4, CI 95% 1.57-10.43) were significantly related to the stigma of COVID-19 patients, while gender (OR 1.2, CI 95% 0.78-1.98) and age (OR 0.9, CI 95% 0.45-1.92) were not significantly associated with the stigma of COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between education, occupation, income and the stigma towards COVID-19 patients. It is important to increase the dissemination of health information in order to minimize stigma against COVID-19 patients.

Kata Kunci : COVID-19, stigma, pendidikan, pekerjaan, pendapatan