HUBUNGAN JENIS KELAMIN DAN PENDIDIKAN DENGAN STIGMA MASYARAKAT PADA PETUGAS COVID-19 DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2020

NUR RAHMAN, Dr. Dra. Retna Siwi Padmawati, MA; dr. Rosalia Kurniawati Harisaputra, MPH; dr. Hayu Qaimamunazzala, MPH.

2022 | Skripsi | S1 KEDOKTERAN

Latar Belakang: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) telah menjadi masalah kesehatan utama yang menyebabkan penyakit pernapasan akut parah pada manusia dan telah menyebar dengan cepat ke seluruh dunia sejak pertama kali diidentifikasi di Wuhan, China, pada Desember 2019. Sehingga memunculkan banyak stigma terhadap pasien atau orang positif COVID-19. Terutama terhadap petugas kesehatan, di mana stigma tersebut terus berkembang karena sebagai orang yang bekerja di garda depan. Salah satu yang memengaruhi stigma adalah pendidikan atau pengetahuan, jenis kelamin, usia, pekerjaan, agama, tempat tinggal dan pendapatan. Tujuan: Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan jenis kelamin dan pendidikan terhadap stigma masyarakat pada petugas COVID-19. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan analisis univariabel, analisis bivariabel (regresi logistik sederhana) dan analisis multivariabel (regresi logistik berganda) dengan variabel luar yaitu usia, pekerjaan serta pendapatan sebelum COVID-19 dan pendapatan saat COVID-19. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder berasal dari pengisian kuesioner "Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Pasien dan Petugas Covid-19" oleh Pusat Perilaku dan Promosi Kesehatan FK-KMK UGM. Dengan kriteria inklusi adalah berusia 18 tahun dan merupakan masyarakat indonesia, sedangkan kriteria eksklusi adalah mengisi kuesioner secara tidak lengkap, pendidikan rendah (SD atau SMP) dan tidak bersekolah. Hasil: Sebanyak 463 responden yang mengisi kuesioner didapatkan 459 responden yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Pada hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa variabel jenis kelamin, variabel pendapatan sebelum COVID-19 dan pendapatan saat COVID-19 kategori tenaga kerja terdidik (p-value 50,05), sedangkan variabel pendidikan, usia, pekerjaan, pendapatan sebelum COVID-19 dan pendapatan saat COVID-19 kategori tidak ada penghasilan/pengangguran (p-value 0,05). Nilai OR (95% CI) pada analisis bivariabel pendidikan yaitu 2,0 (1,24-3,26), sedangkan analisis multivariabel pendidikan dan usia yaitu 1,7 (1,05-2,86), pendidikan dan pekerjaan yaitu 1,5 (0,88-2,70), pendidikan dan pendapatan sebelum COVID-19 yaitu 1,5 (0,91-2,73) serta pendidikan dan pendapatan saat COVID-19 yaitu 1,6 (0.98-2,84). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hasil yang berbeda antara kedua variabel independen, pada jenis kelamin tidak memiliki hubungan signifikan sedangkan pendidikan memiliki hubungan signifikan terhadap stigma masyarakat pada petugas COVID-19. Pendidikan menjadi tidak memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan stigma masyarakat pada petugas COVID-19 ketika dianalisis bersama dengan variabel luar pekerjaan, pendapatan sebelum COVID-19 dan pendapatan saat COVID-19. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk dilakukan edukasi atau penyuluhan pada siswa/i baik pendidikan menengah maupun tinggi terkait stigma terhadap petugas COVID-19 dengan harapan pengetahuan terkait stigma COVID-19 lebih dipahami dan mengurangi perilaku stigmatisasi pada petugas COVID-19.

Background: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major health problem that causes severe acute respiratory illness in humans and has spread rapidly throughout the world since it was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. There is a stigma against patients or people WHO are positive for COVID-19. Especially towards health workers, where the stigma continues to grow because they are the people WHO work on the front line. One of the factors that influence stigma is education or knowledge. Others include: gender, age, occupation, religion, place of residence, and income. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between gender and education on community stigma for COVID-19 officers. Research Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with univariable analysis, bivariable analysis (simple logistic regression), and multivariable analysis (multiple logistic regression) with external variables, namely age, occupation, and income before COVID-19 and income during COVID-19. The study used secondary data derived from filling out the "Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Pasien dan Petugas Covid-19" guestionnaire by the Center for Health Behavior and Promotion of FK-KMK UGM. The inclusion criteria were that I was 18 years old and an Indonesian citizen, while the exclusion criteria were that I had filled out the questionnaire incompletely, having low education (SD or SMP), and not attending school. Results: A total of 463 respondents who filled out the questionnaire were found to have 459 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the results of the analysis, it was found that the gender variable, income variable before COVID-19 and income during COVID-19 were in the category of educated workforce (p-value > 0.05), while the variables of education, age, occupation, income before COVID-19 and income during COVID-19 had no income/unemployment category (p-value <0.035). The OR value (95% CD) in the bivariable analysis of education was 2.0 (1.24-3.26), while the multivariable analysis of education and age was 1.7 (1.05-2.86), education and occupation was 1.05 (0.88-2.70), education and income before COVID-19 was 1.5 (0.91-2.73) and education and income during COVID-19 was 1.6 (0.98-2.84). Conclusion: There are different results between the two independent variables. Gender does not have a significant relationship, while education has a significant relationship with community stigma on COVID-19 officers. When education and community stigma on COVID-19 officers are analyzed together with variables outside of work, income before COVID-19, and income during COVID-19, there is no significant relationship between education and community stigma on COVID-19 officers. Therefore, it is important to provide education or counseling to students, both in secondary and higher education, regarding stigma against COVID-19 officers in the hope that knowledge related to COVID-19 stigma is better understood and reduces stigmatizing behavior among COVID-19 officers.

Kata Kunci : Kata Kunci: COVID-19, stigma, pendidikan, jenis kelamin, petugas COVID-19 (kesehatan dan non kesehatan).