Keanekaragaman Spesies, Kemelimpahan, dan Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan dari Familia Asteraceae di Gunung Bisma, Dataran Tinggi Dieng, Kejajar, Wonosobo, Jawa Tengah

BIMA KURNIAWAN, Rina Sri Kasiamdari, S.Si., Ph.D.

2021 | Skripsi | S1 BIOLOGI

Asteraceae merupakan famili tumbuhan berbunga terbesar di dunia dengan lebih dari 20.000 spesies yang tersebar di hampir seluruh habitat di seluruh dunia. Di kawasan pegunungan seperti Gunung Bisma, diperkirakan terdapat beranekaragam spesies tumbuhan Asteraceae serta dimanfaatkan secara luas oleh warga sekitar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman, kemelimpahan, dan pemanfaatan tumbuhan Asteraceae yang ditemukan liar di Gunung Bisma. Data taksonomi dan ekologi diperoleh melalui metode jelajah dan metode sampling purposive dengan plot sebesar 3x3 m2 untuk lokasi penelitian di puncak dan di cekungan gunung. Data pemanfaatan tumbuhan diperoleh dengan survei masyarakat desa menggunakan metode wawancara semi-terstruktur dan pertanyaan yang bersifat open-ended. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan indeks nilai penting (INP), indeks keanekaragaman (H'), indeks kemerataan (e), indeks kepentingan budaya (ICS), serta indeks nilai guna (UV). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ditemukan 18 spesies Asteraceae dari dua subfamili yang tumbuh liar di puncak maupun cekungan Gunung Bisma. Spesies dengan nilai penting terbesar adalah Ageratina riparia dengan INP di puncak dan cekungan (berturut-turut) 71,003 dan 91,525, sementara H' dari kedua lokasi tergolong sedang yaitu 1,6981 (puncak) dan 1,3253 (cekungan). Indeks kemerataan tergolong sedang, yaitu 0,6834 (puncak) dan 0,5022 (cekungan). Sementara itu, berbagai spesies dimanfaatkan oleh warga sekitar Gunung Bisma (Desa Sikunang), antara lain sebagai makanan/lauk, obat-obatan, kayu bakar, pakan ternak, produk cendera mata, serta berbagai pemanfaatan lainnya. Nilai ICS tertinggi pada Galinsoga parviflora dan Galinsoga quadriradiata, yaitu 41, sementara nilai UV tertinggi pada Austroeupatorium inulifolium, yaitu 1,8.

Asteraceae is the largest and most diverse family of flowering plant which contains more than 20.000 species distributed in nearly all types of habitat all over the world. In mountainous region such as Mount Bisma, it is estimated to have plenty and diverse member of Asteraceae family, and used in local community for various uses. This research aimed to understand the diversity, abundance, and uses of Asteraceae members that is found wild in Mount Bisma. Taxonomy and ecological data gathered using exploration method and purposive sampling method, from the point, a plot measured 3x3 m2 created to estimate the vegetation parameters in the mountain top and mountain valley. Ethnobotanical data gathered in Sikunang Village, nearby village of Mount Bisma using semi-constructed interview and open-ended questions. Data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively using several indices such as index of importance value (IV), index of diversity (H'), index of evenness (e), index of cultural significance (ICS), and index of use value (UV). The result showed that there were 18 species from two subfamilies that grew wild in both mountain top and valley. The highest importance value belonged to Ageratina riparia, that was scored in mountain top and valley 71,003 and 91,525, respectively. Both diversity index and evenness index for both the location were considered moderate, the diversity index was 1,6981 (top) and 1,3253 (valley), meanwhile the evenness was 0,6834 (top) and 0,5022 (valley). Uses of Asteraceae in Sikunang were varies, ranging from being side dish, medicine, firewood, souvenir, and other uses. Galinsoga parviflora and Galinsoga quadriradiata showed the highest ICS value, that was 41. Austroeupatorium inulifolium scored highest in UV, that was 1,8.

Kata Kunci : Asteraceae, Dataran Tinggi Dieng, keanekaragaman spesies, kemelimpahan, etnobotani