Does Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Realization Impacts on the Rising of Interregional Income Inequality in Indonesia under Jokowi Administration 2014-2018?

KINTANSARI ADHYNA P, Agus Heruanto Hadna

2020 | Skripsi | S1 MANAJEMEN DAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK

Meningkatnya ketimpangan pendapatan di berbagai negara berkembang di era globalisasi telah mendapat perhatian global. Pasalnya, masuknya penanaman modal asing menurut negara berkembang dinilai mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kualitas sumber daya manusia. Namun, kenyataan menunjukkan bahwa kasus investasi asing lebih berdampak pada peningkatan ketimpangan pendapatan, seperti yang terjadi di berbagai negara berkembang seperti Amerika Latin, Afrika dan Vietnam. Hal ini sebagian didukung oleh adanya teori model defensif tentang sifat investor yang cenderung mengeksploitasi tenaga kerja, yang mungkin berlaku di Indonesia. Pasalnya, dari tahun 2014 hingga 2018, pada pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo (Jokowi) telah terjadi peningkatan nilai investasi asing hingga 3.811 juta USD disertai dengan peningkatan indeks ketimpangan pendapatan antar daerah di Indonesia masing-masing. tahun dengan rata-rata indeks Williamson 0,38 hingga 0,397 pada tahun 2018. Namun, peningkatan ketimpangan pendapatan ini juga dapat disebabkan oleh kondisi negara yang memiliki struktur penduduk dan tingkat pembangunan yang berbeda di setiap provinsi. Oleh karena itu, melalui metode kuantitatif, penelitian ini melakukan analisis regresi data panel di 34 provinsi di Indonesia, sehingga akan menjawab apakah peningkatan ketimpangan pendapatan dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan realisasi PMA di Indonesia. Penelitian ini juga melibatkan penghitungan pengaruh berbagai kondisi yang berbeda di setiap provinsi, antara lain tingkat kemiskinan, kualitas sumber daya manusia, dan kondisi infrastruktur darat, laut, dan udara. Penelitian ini dapat lebih jauh menemukan hal-hal baru terkait pendekatan neoliberal yang dilakukan oleh Indonesia dalam trilema kebijakan, sehingga menjawab alasan perencanaan pemindahan ibu kota dan disahkannya Omnibus Law yang berimplikasi pada memburuknya ketimpangan pendapatan antar daerah di Indonesia.

The increasing income inequality in various developing countries in the era of globalization has received global attention. This is because the entry of foreign investment according to developing countries is considered capable of increasing economic growth and the quality of human resources. However, the reality shows that cases of foreign investment have more of an impact on increasing income inequality, as has happened in various developing countries such as Latin America, Africa and Vietnam. This is partly supported by the existence of a defensive model theory of the nature of investors who tend to exploit workers, which may apply in Indonesia. This is because, from 2014 to 2018, the administration of President Joko Widodo (Jokowi), there has been an increase in the value of foreign investment of up to 3.811 million USD accompanied by an increase in the income inequality index between regions in Indonesia each year with an average Williamson index of 0.38 to 0.397 in 2018. However, this increasing income inequality could also be caused by the condition of the country, which has a different population structure and level of development in each province. Therefore, through quantitative methods, this research conducts panel data regression analysis in 34 provinces in Indonesia, so that it will answer whether the increase in income inequality is influenced by the increase in the realization of FDI in Indonesia. This research also involves calculating the effects of various conditions that differ in each province, including poverty levels, quality of human resources, and conditions of land, sea and air infrastructure. This research can further discover novelties related to the neoliberal approach carried out by Indonesia in the policy trilemma, thus answering the reasons for planning to move the capital and the passing of the Omnibus Law which has implications for the worsening income inequality between regions in Indonesia.

Kata Kunci : Income Inequality, FDI, Infrastructure, Investment Policy, Workers