Tinjauan Kritis Terhadap Praktik Filantropi: Studi Kasus Filantropi Islam di Desa Mulyasari, Losari, Cirebon

AHMAD FADLI AZAMI, Dr. Muhammad Najib Azca, M.A.

2021 | Tesis | MAGISTER SOSIOLOGI

Tesis ini berupaya melihat secara kritis konstruksi umum tentang filantropi modern dan filantropi tradisional dalam tradisi berderma Islam, khususnya di Desa Mulyasari, Losari Cirebon. Filantropi tradisional adalah gerakan memberi secara langsung. Cara ini sering kali dianggap bukan hanya berjangka pendek, tetapi juga melanggengkan praktik kekuasaan, paternalistik, menciptakan ketergantungan, memperkaya elite agama, konsumtif, dan tidak mampu menyelesaikan problem kemiskinan yang mendasar. Sebaliknya, filantropi modern adalah gerakan memberi secara terencana, terstruktur, dan sistematis. Peneliti menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif melalui pendekatan etnografi. Melalui tinjauan kritis-sosiologis ditemukan bahwa (a) filantropi modern terjebak dalam logika kapitalisme. Bahkan sejak kelahirannya ia adalah praktik berderma yang ditujukan untuk mendukung praktik kapitalisme di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. Di Kabupaten Cirebon, melalui Koin NU, ia digunakan untuk tujuan membangun seperti rumah sakit di samping. Secara praktis tidak bisa bekerja secara fleksibel dan sulit mewujudkan program-program produktif. Hasil penghimpunan Koin NU di desa Mulyasari tidak bisa mewujudkan program produktif seperti bantuan modal usaha, (b) konstruksi atas filantropi tradisional penuh dengan stigma dan over-simplifikasi. Filantropi tradisional dalam penelitian ini lahir dari epistemologi Islam. Di samping memiliki kekurangan, ia berhasil membuktikan kemampuan dan perannya yang besar di masyarakat, khususnya di desa Mulyasari, seperti perayaan Maulid Nabi di mana para aktor saling berkontribusi dan menikmati bersama-sama perayaan sedekah.

This thesis seeks to critically look at the general construction of modern philanthropy and traditional philanthropy in the tradition of giving in Islam, especially in Mulyasari Village, Losari Cirebon. Traditional philanthropy is a direct giving movement. This method is often considered not only short term, but also perpetuates the practice of power, paternalistic, creates dependency, enriches the religious elite, consumptive, and unable to solve the basic problem of poverty. On the other hand, modern philanthropy is a movement of giving in a planned, structured and systematic manner. Researchers used descriptive qualitative research methods through an ethnographic approach. Through a sociological-critical review, the researcher found that (a) modern philanthropy is trapped in the logic of capitalism. Since its birth, modern philanthropy is a practice of giving which is intended to support the practice of capitalism in Europe and the United States. In Cirebon Regency, through the NU Coin, it is used for building purposes such as a hospital on the side. Practically, it is unable to work flexibly and difficult to realize productive programs. The results of collecting NU Coins in Mulyasari village cannot realize productive programs such as business capital assistance, (b) the construction of traditional philanthropy is full of stigma and over-simplification. Traditional philanthropy in this research was born from Islamic epistemology. Besides having shortcomings, it is succeeded in proving its ability and great role in the community, especially in Mulyasari village, such as the Prophet's birthday celebration where actors contribute to each other and enjoy alms celebrations together.

Kata Kunci : Filantropi Tradisional, Filantropi Modern, Kapitalisme