Frasa Nomina Endosentris Atributif dalam Bahasa Rusia dan Indonesia: Analisis Kontrastif

TRI YULIANTY KARYANINGSIH, Prof. Dr. I Dewa Putu Wijana, S.U., M.A.; Dr. Amir Ma'ruf, M.Hum.

2020 | Disertasi | DOKTOR ILMU-ILMU HUMANIORA

Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan perbandingan frasa nomina endosentris atributif bahasa Rusia dan Indonesia, dengan menggunakan analisis kontrastif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan dan mengkaji perbedaan dan persamaan struktur, kategori atribut, dan makna pada frasa nomina endosentris atributif kedua bahasa, serta menelusuri penyebabnya. Teori utama dalam penelitian ini adalah teori sintaksis, dengan metode penelitian kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui metode simak dan teknik catat. Data bersumber dari karya sastra dan untuk bahasa Indonesia diambil pula dari buku teks dan data buatan. Analisis data dilakukan dengan model analisis kontrastif melalui dua tahap, yakni (1) deskripsi, melalui model linguistik struktural dan metode distribusional dalam analisis struktur; melalui analisis morfologis, sintaktis, dan semantis dalam menentukan kategori atribut; melalui analisis gramatikal dan leksikal unsur-unsur frasa dalam menelusuri makna; (2) komparasi, melalui metode padan dalam mengidentifikasi, merumuskan, dan menjelaskan perbedaan dan persamaan frasa nomina kedua bahasa. Hasil yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini sebagai berikut. Pertama, struktur frasa nomina endosentris atributif bentuk simpleks pada kedua bahasa sama, yaitu atribut berposisi di depan atau di belakang unsur inti. Namun, dalam bahasa Rusia struktur berkaitan dengan relasi antar-unsur frasa yang ditentukan pula oleh kategori gramatikal. Sementara dalam bahasa Indonesia, relasi antar-unsur frasa ditentukan oleh urutan kata yang bersifat ketat. Hal ini sesuai dengan tipologi bahasa Rusia sebagai bahasa inflektif dengan konsep relasional campuran dan bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa aglutinatif dengan konsep relasional murni. Kedua, kategori atribut memperlihatkan kesamaan, yakni nomina, adjektiva, pronomina, numeralia, verba, dan adverbia. Perbedaan ada pada: (1) kategorisasi akibat ketiadaan dan perbedaan kategori; (2) subkategorisasi akibat ketiadaan subkategori dan perbedaan bentuk morfologis; (3) konsep. Perbedaan ini pada dasarnya muncul dari kespesifikan bahasa disebabkan sifat masing-masing bahasa serta perbedaan kriteria dalam (sub)kategorisasi kata. Ketiga, makna ditentukan melalui: (1) relasi gramatikal antarunsur, (2) makna leksikal kategori atribut, (3) relasi makna antarunsur. Makna umumnya sama, yakni makna milik, subjek, objek, bagian, peruntukan, mirip, alat, sebutan, jenis, penjelas/perihal, sumber, hasil, kandungan, sebab, tempat, waktu, jumlah, urutan, keadaan, penunjukan, ketaktentuan, dan cara, serta makna ingkar dan batas (dalam bahasa Indonesia). Namun, pada beberapa makna wujudnya dapat berbeda akibat: (1) adanya kategori gramatikal kasus pada nomina atributif bahasa Rusia; (2) perbedaan dan tidak adanya (sub)kategori; (3) perbedaan konsep kategori. Kesamaan makna pada frasa nomina merupakan sisi universal bahasa, sementara perbedaan gramatikal merupakan kespesifikan masing-masing bahasa.

ABSTRACT This study discusses the comparison of attributive noun phrases in Russian and Indonesian through a contrastive analysis. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the differences and similarities in structure, categories of attribute, and the meaning of noun phrases in both languages, and to explain their causes. The theory used in this study is syntactic theory. The research method applied is qualitative method. Data were collected through reading and writing techniques. The data are taken from literary works as well as text books and artificial data for Indonesian. The data were analyzed with two main steps of the contrastive analysis models. The first step is description. For example, structural linguistic models and distribution technique are used in the analysis of phrase structures. Categories of attributes are analyzed through the morphological, syntactic, and semantic analysis. Also, the meaning of noun phrases is analyzed through the grammatical and lexical analysis of phrase elements. The second step is comparison. Through the comparison method the differences and similarities can be identified, formulated, and explained. The results of the study are as follows. Firstly, there are similarities of the structure of the simple attributive noun phrases in Russian and Indonesian, that is, the attributes are in front of or behind the head elements. However, this structure in Russian is related to the relations between the phrase elements which are determined also by the grammatical category. While in Indonesian, the relations between phrase elements can be determined by the fixed word order. This is in accordance with the typology of Russian language as an inflective language with the mixed relational concept and Indonesian as an agglutinative language with the pure relational concept. Secondly, category of attributes shows similarities in noun, adjective, pronoun, number, verb, and adverb. The differences are in: (1) categorization due to the absence and differences of category; (2) sub-categorization due to the absence of sub-category and differences in morphological forms; (3) concept. These differences are basically due to the language-spesific as well as the different criteria used in the (sub)categorization of words. Thirdly, the meaning of noun phrases can be determined through: (1) the grammatical relations of the phrase elements, (2) the lexical meanings of the attributive categories, and (3) the semantic relations of the phrase elements. The meaning of noun phrases generally shows the similarities such as in possession, subject, object, explanation, part-whole, purpose, similarity, instrument, appellation, type, product, cause, state, quantity, order, location, temporal, source, content, reference, uncertainty, and manner, negation and limitation (in Indonesian). However, the form can differs in some meaning due to (1) a grammatical category of cases in attributive nouns in Russian; (2) different and non existing (sub)categories; (3) different concepts of category. The similarities of meaning are the universality of language, while the grammatical differences are due to the language-spesific. noun phrases, attributive, contrastive analysis, Russian, Indonesian

Kata Kunci : frasa nomina, atribut, analisis kontrastif, bahasa Rusia, bahasa Indonesia / noun phrases, attributive, contrastive analysis, Russian, Indonesian