KOMUNISME DI JEPANG: DARI AWAL MASUKNYA PADA TAHUN 1895 SAMPAI TAHUN 1945

MUHAMMAD WISNU K A, Sri Pangastoeti, S.S., M.Hum.

2019 | Skripsi | S1 SASTRA JEPANG

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji sejarah masuk dan berkembangnya komunisme di Jepang dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan komunisme sulit berkembang di negara ini. Ruang lingkup penelitian dibatasi unsur temporal, yaitu mulai masuknya pemikiran kiri di Jepang di sekitar awal abad XX hingga Partai Komunis Jepang mendapatkan status legal dari pemerintah di tahun 1945. Lingkup spasial penelitian di wilayah Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Metode analitis historis digunakan menganalisis topik yang dibahas. Pencarian data dilakukan melalui studi pustaka. Sumber-sumber yang dirujuk meliputi buku, jurnal, dan artikel yang relevan dengan topik penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ideologi komunis masuk ke Jepang dibawa oleh para pelajar yang sedang studi di Amerika dan negara-negara Eropa pada awal abad XX. Selanjutnya, perkembangan komunis di Jepang lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh campur tangan Comintern yang berpusat di Moskow, juga oleh para aktivis komunis Jepang di Amerika. Sejak pemikiran kiri masuk hingga akhir Perang Dunia II, aktivitas gerakan komunis di Jepang lebih banyak dilakukan secara sembunyi-sembunyi untuk menghindari represi pemerintah. Namun setelah Partai Komunis Jepang resmi diakui pemerintah tahun 1945, aktivitas gerakan komunis dilakukan secara terbuka. Ideologi komunis sulit berkembang di Jepang karena para aktivisnya sendiri saling bertikai terkait ideologi dan garis perjuangan partai. Kalangan aktivis komunis ada berbagai varian, dimulai dari kelompok paling moderat hingga yang paling radikal: kelompok sosialis, komunis (pro-Bolshevik dan anti-Bolshevik), sindikalis, dan anarkis. Di sisi lain, pada masa itu industri di Jepang sedang tumbuh pesat dan pemerintah sangat berkepentingan melindungi kaum kapitalis, antara lain melalui serangkaian kebijakan yang merepresi gerakan buruh, seperti kebijakan upah murah; larangan buruh berserikat dan melakukan protes. Selain itu, pemerintah secara keras melarang aktivitas komunis karena mereka dianggap mengagitasi gerakan buruh. Atas nama keamanan dan perdamaian, pemerintah melakukan penangkapan terhadap para aktivis dan simpatisan komunis; pelarangan semua materi yang berbau komunis; pengawasan ketat terhadap orang-orang yang dianggap membawa pemikiran berbahaya;bahkan pembunuhan aktivis.

This study examines the history of the entry and development of communism in Japan and discusses the factors that make communism difficult to develop in this country. The scope of the study is limited to temporal elements, namely starting the entry of left thinking in Japan in early XX until the Japanese Communist Party obtains legal status from the government in 1945. Spatial scope of research in Japan. The research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Historical analysis methods used to analyze the topics discussed. Data search is done through library research. Referenced sources include books, journals, and articles that are relevant to the research topic. The results of the study show that communist ideology into Japan was brought by students who were studying in the United States and European countries in the early twentieth century. Furthermore, the development of communists in Japan was more influenced by the intervention of Comintern based in Moscow, as well as by Japanese communist activists in America. The activities of the communist movement in Japan were mostly carried out secretly to avoid government repression. But after the Japanese Communist Party officially accepted the government in 1945, the activities of the communist movement were carried out openly. Communist ideology was difficult to develop in Japan because the activists themselves clashed with each other over the ideology and lines of the party's struggle. There are various variants among communist activists, starting from the most moderate to the most radical groups: socialist groups, communists (pro-Bolsheviks and anti-Bolsheviks), syndicalists, and anarchists. On the other hand, at that time the industry in Japan was growing rapidly and the government was very interested in protecting the capitalists, among others, through a series of policies that repressed the labor movement, such as low-wage policies; prohibition of workers to organize and protest. In addition, the government strictly prohibits communist activities because they are considered to agitate the labor movement. In the name of security and peace, the government arrested communist activists and sympathizers; prohibition of all communist material; strict supervision of people who are considered to bring "dangerous thinking;" even murder of activists.

Kata Kunci : Komunisme, Jepang, Partai Komunis Jepang