DETEKSI MUTASI GEN Ace-1 SEBAGAI PENYANDI RESISTENSI INSEKTISIDA MALATION PADA NYAMUK Aedes aegypti DI KOTA AMBON

ISAK ROBERTH AKOLLO, Tri Baskoro T. Satoto; Sitti Rahmah Umniyati

2019 | Tesis | MAGISTER ILMU KEDOKTERAN TROPIS

Latar Belakang: nyamuk Aedes aegypti adalah vektor utama penyakit demam berdarah dengue (DBD). Malation telah lama digunakan dalam program pengendalian vektor DBD oleh Dinas kesehatan Kota Ambon. Penggunaan insektisida terus menerus dapat menyebabkan nyamuk Ae. aegypti resisten terhadap malation. Salah satu indikator penting resistensi nyamuk terhadap insektisida organofosfat adalah insensitivitas acetylcholinesterase, yang dikode oleh gen ace-1. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan status resistensi dan menganalisis korelasi antara status resistensi nyamuk Ae. aegypti terhadap insektisida malation dengan mutasi gen ace-1, kepadatan populasi nyamuk dan endemisitas DBD di kota Ambon. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dan analitik dengan rancangan penelitian retrospektif- krosseksional. Nyamuk Ae. aegypti diperoleh dengan pemasangan ovitrap dan kolonisasi nyamuk dari 16 Puskesmas di Kota Ambon. Status resistensi diuji dengan metode CDC bottle bioassay dan deteksi mutasi gen ace-1 ditegakkan menggunakan PCR, elektroforesis dan sekuensing. Hubungan antara kepadatan populasi nyamuk (ovitrap index), frekuensi fogging malation, tingkat endemisitas DBD dengan status resistensi nyamuk Ae. aegypti terhadap insektisida malation dianalisis dengan pearson correlation. Hasil: Hasil uji resistensi dengan metode CDC bottle bioassay menunjukan bahwa nyamuk Ae. aegypti dari Puskesmas Waihaong dan Rijali memiliki mortalitas 92% dan 95,83% (toleran), sedangkan yang berasal dari Puskesmas Latuhalat, Amahusu, Air Salobar, Benteng, Urimessing, CHM. Thiahahu, Karpan, Belso, Air Besar, Kilang, Halong, Lateri, Passo, dan Nania memiliki mortalitas antra 98-100% (rentan). Hasil sekuensing dan alignment menunjukan bahwa tidak terdapat mutasi gen ace-1 pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti yang berasal dari Puskesmas Waihaong dan Rijali. Ada korelasi negatif antara Ovitrap index, dan frekuensi fogging dengan mortalitas nyamuk yang diuji untuk menetapkan status resistensi nyamuk terhadap insektisida malation berturut-turut dengan koefisien korelasi (r = -0,570* dan r = -0,643*). Tidak ada korelasi antara tingkat endemisitas DBD dan staus resistensi Ae. aegypti terhadap insektisida malation di Kota Ambon (r = 0,032). Kesimpulan: Status resistensi nyamuk Ae. aegypti dari 14 wilayah puskesmas di kota Ambon tergolong rentan, dan hanya 2 wilayah puskesmas yang menunjukkan toleran terhadap insektisida malation yaitu Waiahoang dan Rijali. Semakin sering penggunaan insektisida malation dengan aplikasi fogging semakin rendah mortalitas nyamuk uji Ae. aegypti dari kota Ambon, sehingga berpeluang menjadi resisten yang tidak ada kaitannya dengan mutasi gen ace-1.

Background: Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Malathion has long been used in the DHF vector control program by the Ambon City Health Office. The continuous use of insecticides can cause Ae. aegypti to be resistant to malathion. One important indicator of mosquito resistance to organophosphate insecticides is the acetylcholinesterase insensitivity, which is encoded by the ace-1 gene. This study aims to establish resistance status and analyze the correlation between Ae. aegypti resistance status against malathion insecticide with ace-1 gene mutation, mosquito population density and DHF endemicity in Ambon city. Method: This research is a descriptive and analytic study with a retrospective-cross-sectional research design. Ae. aegypti was obtained by installing ovitrap and mosquito colonization from 16 Community Health Center in Ambon City. Resistance status was tested by the CDC bottle bioassay method and the detection of ace-1 gene mutations was established using PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. The relationship between mosquito population density (ovitrap index), frequency of fogging malathion, level of DHF endemicity with Ae. aegypti resistance status against malathion insecticide was analyzed by Pearson correlation. Results: The results of resistance tests using the CDC bottle bioassay method showed that Ae. aegypti from the Waihaong and Rijali Community Health Center have 92% and 95.83% (tolerant) mortality, while those from the Latuhalat, Amahusu, Air Salobar, Benteng, Urimessing, CHM. Thiahahu, Karpan, Belso, Air Besar, Kilang, Halong, Lateri, Passo, and Nania Community Health Center have mortality between 98-100% (vulnerable). Sequencing and alignment results showed that there were no ace-1 gene mutations in Ae. aegypti originating from the Waihaong and Rijali Community Health Center. There was a negative correlation between the ovitrap index, and the frequency of fogging and the mortality of the mosquitoes tested to determine the status of mosquito resistance to insecticide malathion respectively with correlation coefficients (r = -0.570 * and r = -0.664 *). There was no correlation between the level of DHF endemicity and Ae. aegypti resistance status against malathion insecticide in Ambon City (r = 0.032). Conclusion: Ae. aegypti resistance status from 14 Community Health Center areas in Ambon city was classified as vulnerable, and only 2 Community Health Center areas showed tolerance to malathion insecticides namely Waiahoang and Rijali Community Health Center. The more frequent use of malathion insecticides with fogging applications the lower the mortality of the Ae. aegypti test from Ambon city, so there is a chance of becoming resistant that has nothing to do with the ace-1 gene mutation.

Kata Kunci : Nyamuk Ae. aegypti, malation, CDC bottle bioassay, toleran, mutasi gen ace-1./ Ae. aegypti , malathion, CDC bottle bioassay, tolerant, ace-1 gene mutation.