Analisis Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja dan Kesenjangan Spasial Tenaga Kerja Propinsi Maluku
Jolyne Myrrel Parera (Pemb : Prof, Dr. Dibyo Prabowo, M.Sc), Prof, Dr. Dibyo Prabowo, M.Sc
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara empiris sektor-sektor unggulan, di tiga Kabupaten dan Kota masing-masing Kabupaten Maluku Tenggara (Malra), Kabupaten Maluku Tengah, dan Kota Ambon di Propinsi Maluku. Berkaitan dengan tenaga kerja penelitian ini juga menganalisis penyerapan tenaga kerja dan kesenjangan spasial tenaga kerja .
Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dari tahun 1990-2001, berupa Produk Domestik Regional Brutto (PDRB) atas dasar harga konstan 1993, jumlah penduduk dan jumlah tenaga kerja menurut lapangan usaha. Data ini diperoleh dari BPS Propinsi Maluku.
Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah Location Quotient (LQ), Shift-Share model klasik, Shift-Share modifikasi Esteban-Marquillas, dan Areelus, analisis Model ratio Pertumbuhan (MRP), metode Overlay, analisis produktivitas, elastisitas dan Indeks Entropy Theil. Analisis ini dilakukan dalam tiga periode waktu analisis yaitu sebelum krisis tahun 1990-1995, saat krisis tahun 1997-1999, dan pasca konflik sosial tahun 2000-2001.
Hasil analisis LQ, Shift-Share, MRP yang kemudian di lakukan Overlay selama periode pengamatan 990-2001 terjadi pergeseran sektor. Kabupaten Malra sebelum krisis tahun 1990-1995 sektor pertambangan dan penggalian merupakan sektor basis atau unggulan, saat krisis terjadi pergeseran ke sektor pertanian, dan pasca konflik sektor industri pengolahan. Kabupaten Malteng sebelum krisis sektor bangunan, saat krisis sektor bangunan dan jasa-jasa, saat konflik sektor pertambangan dan penggalian. Kota Ambon sebelum krisis sektor pertanian, krisis sektor jasa-jasa, pasca konflik sektor perdagangan hotel dan restoran. Dari analisis produktivitas tahun 1995-2001 kabupaten Malra sebelum krisis dan saat terjadinya krisis sektor keuangan, persewaan dan jasa perusahaan memiliki produktivitas tertinggi. namun saat konflik sektor perdagangan, hotel dan restoran yang memiliki produktivitas yang tertinggi, diikuti sektor jasa-jasa. Kabupaten Malteng sebelum krisis sektor jasa-jasa, saat krisis sektor keuangan,persewaan dan jasa perusahaan, terendah sektor pertanian, saat konflik sektor industri pengolahan, kedua sektor pengangkutan dan komunikasi. Kota Ambon sebelum krisis, krisis dan pasca konflik sektor keuangan persewaan dan jasa perusahaan merupakan sektor yang paling besar menyerap tenaga kerja. Analisis Elastisitas penyerapan tenaga kerja selama periode analisis sebelum krisis tahun 1995-1996, saat krisis tahun 1997-1999, dan saat terjadinya konflik tahun 2001 Kabupaten Malra, Malteng dan kota Ambon memiliki nilai elastisitas kurang dari satu {E<1. ltu berarti persentase perubahan penyerapan tenaga kerja yang terjadi di tiga kabupaten/kota tidak peka terhadap persentase perubahan pertumbuhan produksi (PDRB), ini terkait dengan Knowledge Creativity tenaga kerja yang rendah. Analisis ketimpangan atau kesenjangan menunjukkan bahwa untuk ketiga kabupaten dan kota tersebut baik itu sebelum krisis, krisis dan konflik terjadi dispersi yang sangat bervariasi dan serius. Secara spasial ketimpangan yang terjadi di tingkat kabupaten (Indeks LJ) lebih serius dibandingkan ketimpangan yang terjadi dalam kabupaten (Indeks LW).
This research aimed to empirically analyze the leading sectors of the three regencies and city, namely The South East Moluccas Regency (Malra), The Central Moluccas Regency and The Ambon City of the Moluccas Province. This research, concerning with the labor absorption, also analyzed the labor absorption and the labor spatial gap as well.
The data carried on this research was the secondary ones of years 1990¬2001, specifically The Gross Regional Domestic Products (PDRB) of the 1993 constant price base, numbers of population and of the labors of each business field. They originated from the BPS of the Moluccas Province.
The used analysis tools were The Location Quotient (LQ), the classical model of Shift-Share, The Esteban-Marquilas' modification of Shift-Share, the analysis of The Growth Ratio Model (MRP), the overlay method, the analysis of productivity, elasticity and the Theyl Entropy index. These were conducted in three periods of analysis time, namely before the crisis of years 1990-1995, during the crisis of 1997-1999, and after the social conflict of years 2000-2001.
The results of LQ, Shift-Share, and MRP analysis and subsequently the overlay in the observation period of 1990-2001 showed some sector movements. In the Malra Regency, before the crisis of years 1990-1995, the mining and excavation sectors were the basic or leading ones, but during the crisis they moved to the agriculture sector, and after the conflict they moved to the sector of manufacture industry. In the Malteng Regency, before the crisis, it was the construction sector, during the crisis they were construction and service ones, and during the social conflict they were the mining and excavation ones. In the Ambon City, before the crisis it was agriculture sector, during the crisis it was service sector, and after the conflict they were trading and hospitality ones. According to the productivity analysis of years 1995-2001 in the Malra Regency before the crisis and during the crisis, the financial, rental, and services sectors had the highest productivity. During the conflict, however, it moved to the trading and hospitality sectors and the service sector in the second place. In the Central Moluccas the highest productivity before the crisis was on the service sector while the lowest one on the agriculture sector. During the conflict, the highest productivity was on the manufacture industry sector, while the transportation and communication sectors were on the second place. In the Ambon City, before the crisis, during the crisis, as well as after the conflict the financial, rental, and company services sectors were the ones absorbing the most labors. The analysis of labors absorption elasticity during the analysis period before the crisis of years 1995-1996, during the crisis of years 1997-1999, and in the conflict of 2001 in Malra and Matteng Regencies and Ambon City had the elasticity value of less than one (E<1). It means that the percentage of labor absorption change occurring in the three regencies/city was not sensitive against the percentage of production growth change (PDRS), concerning with the low labor knowledge creativity. The analysis of disparity or gap showed that all of the three regencies and city were good before the crisis, whereas during the crisis and conflict various and serious dispersion happened there. Spatially, the disparity occurred in the regency level (LJ index) were more serious than the one happened in the regencies (LW index).
Kata Kunci : Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja, Kesenjangan Spasial Tenaga Kerja, Economic Growth, Labor Absorption, Inequality Labor Spatial
