ADOPSI INOVASI PETERNAKAN TERINTEGRASI STUDI KASUS: DESA ARGOREJO DAN ARGOSARI KECAMATAN SEDAYU, KABUPATEN BANTUL PROVINSI D.I. YOGYAKARTA

DRS. SUPRIADI, M.SI., Prof. Dr. Muhadjir Darwin, M.P.A.

2017 | Disertasi | S3 STUDI KEBIJAKAN

Peternakan masyarakat masih dikelola berdasarkan pengalaman dan kegiatan sampingan, sehingga keuntungan tidak sesuai biaya investasi, berdampak pada pendapatan. Dampaknya pendapatan masyarakat kurang terjamin, terjadinya deformasi struktural dan urbanisasi. Rendahnya produktivitas dipengaruhi kurangnya pengetahuan, keterampilan, teknologi produksi, pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan limbah peternakan dalam sistem usaha tani terintegrasi. Pengembangan peternakan terintegrasi adalah pengelolaan ternak yang diintegrasikan dengan budidaya tanaman dan sumberdaya unggulan lainnya, berorientasi ekonomi dengan konsep ramah lingkungan atau zero waste yang dapat meningkatkan produktivitas, penciptaan: nilai tambah produk, aneka sumber pendapatan, lapangan kerja dan usaha baru, serta sasaran konservasi lahan marginal melalui proses daur ulang limbah ternak dan bahan organik lainnya sebagai pupuk organik, sehingga terwujud perbaikan mutu kehidupan masyarakat, meningkatnya ketahanan pangan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui studi kasus untuk menjelaskan proses adopsi inovasi peternakan terintegrasi dan pemberdayaan masyarakat Desa Argorejo dan Argosari, dalam pengembangan usaha berbasis sumberdaya lokal berdaya saing. Metode analisis deskriptif digunakan dalam menjelaskan aspek siapa, apa, mengapa, dan bagaimana kegiatan kelompok bekerja terintegrasi, serta mendiskripsikan perubahan perilaku dalam pengetahuan, keterampilan dan sikap yang terjadi sejak mengenal inovasi peternakan terintegrasi sampai memutuskan untuk mengadopsi. Peran fasilitator dan pendampingan menjadi pendorong perubahan mental dan perilaku masyarakat untuk berinovasi, melalui transfer teknologi tepat guna dengan pendekatan "Total Solution" atau komprehensif - integratif dan terpadu dalam optimalisasi pengelolaan potensi sumberdaya lokal. Sebagai integrator, pendamping mendorong kegiatan antar kelompok untuk saling menguatkan kegiatan integrasi secara vertikal maupun horizontal. Indikasi keberlanjutan program pemberdayaan adalah munculnya inovator dalam kelompok dan berpengaruh pada struktur sosial masyarakat, sehingga proses adopsi inovasi berlangsung efektif. Pendampingan dalam pemetaan potensi dan peluang pengembangan sumber daya, peningkatan kompetensi, dan pembangunan demplot merupakan proses pemberdayaan yang memudahkan penyerapan informasi serta menerapkan cara praktis pengembangan kegiatan terintegrasi menuju skala usaha ekonomi dengan konsep ramah lingkungan atau zero waste. Konsep model adopsi inovasi kegiatan terintegrasi berbasis peternakan dapat dikembangkan pada lokasi lain dengan kriteria kesamaan karakteristik sosial maupun geografis, sebagai afirmatif kebijakan pengembangan potensi sumberdaya lokal berdaya saing untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Peternakan merupakan sumberdaya potensial untuk dijadikan komoditas utama kegiatan terintegrasi, mampu mendorong optimalisasi pengelolaan sumberdaya unggulan lainnya sebagai kawasan ekonomi hijau (pertanian, perkebunan, kehutanan). Selain itu, ternak terbiasa dikelola masyarakat dan sumberdaya lokal tersedia yang memiliki potensi nilai tambah atas pengelolaan limbah kotoran ternak menjadi pupuk organik dan energi terbarukan melalui proses biogas.

Community farms are still managed on the basis of experience and done as side activities, so the profit is not equivalent to the investment cost. The investment cost, that impacts are less secure public income, structural deformation, and urbanization. The low productivity is influenced by the lack of knowledge, skills, production technology, management and utilization of farm waste in integrated farming system. The development of integrated farming is livestock management that is integrated with crop cultivation and other resources that are economic-oriented with eco-friendly or zero-waste concept that is able to increase productivity, add value to the products, and create various sources of income, employment, new ventures, and marginal-land conservation targets through the process of recycling livestock waste and other organic materials as organic fertilizer, so the quality of community life can be improved. It also aims to improve food-security and national economic growth. This research used qualitative methods with a case study to explain the adoption process of integrated livestock innovation and community empowerment of Argorejo and Argosari villages in the development of enterprises which are based on competitive local resources. Descriptive analysis methods are used in describing the aspects of who, what, why, and how the group activities work in integrated way, and in describing the behavioral changes in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that occurred since the community recognized the integrated farming innovations until they decided to adopt them. The role of facilitators and mentors became the driving force for the change of peoples mental and behavior to innovate through the transfer of appropriate technology with integrated approach of "Total Solution" or comprehensive-integrative in optimizing the management of local resource potentials. As integrator, the facilitators encouraged inter-group activities to strengthen vertical and horizontal integration. The indication of the empowerment-programs sustainability was the emergence of innovators in the group that gave influence to the social structure of the community, so the adoption process of innovation could be effective. The mentoring in mapping the potentials and opportunities of resource development, in improving competence, and in developing the demonstration plots was an empowerment process that facilitated the absorption of information and implemented practical ways in developing integrated activities towards the scale of economic-enterprises with eco-friendly or zero-waste concept. The concept of adoption model of livestock-based integrated activity innovation can be developed in other locations which have similarities in social and geographic characteristics, as affirmative policy of the development of competitive local resources potentials to improve community welfare. Livestock is a potential resource to become the main commodity of integrated activities that are able to encourage the optimization of other superior resource management as green economy area (agriculture, plantation, forestry). In addition, the communities are used to managing livestock and livestock is a locally available resource that has potential added-value for the management of cattle manure waste into organic fertilizer and renewable energy through biogas process.

Kata Kunci : adoption, innovation, integration, livestock, models