Interaksi sosial transmigran dengan penduduk lokal :: Studi tentang pola dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi interaksi penduduk di Kendari

HARAHAP, Nasruddin, Promotor Prof.Dr. Ida Bagoes Mantra

2002 | Disertasi | S3 Geografi

Transmigrasi merupakan satu fenomena sosio-kultural ketika ratusan ribu penduduk yang beraneka budaya dipindahkan ke pulau lain yang berpenduduk dengan budaya tersendiri. Penelitian ini beranj ak dari keingintahuan tentang bagaimana berbagai kelompok etnik transmigran itu berinteraksi dengan penduduk lokal ( 1 ) bagaimana pola interaksi sosialnya, (2) apakah faktor-faktor demografi, sosial, ekonomi, budaya, dan (3) bentuk kebijakan pelaksanaan transmigrasi mempengaruhi interaksi sosial antara transmigran dengan penduduk lokal. Daerah transmigrasi yang diamati terbatas pda dua daerah kecamatan di Kabupaten Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara, yang diambil secara purposrve dengan mempertimbangkan sifat-sifat geografis dan sosial ekonomi penduduk. Responden sebanyak 320 orang diambil secara random, dengan mempertimbangkan keseimbangan status penduduk serta kelompok-kelompok etnik transmigran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, interaksi interpersonal antara transmigran dengan penduduk lokal sudah berlangsung cukup terbuka, keakraban di sementara kalangan telah mendorong interaksi budaya sehingga mampu mengmtegrasikan unsur-unsur kebudayaan (materiil) antarkelompok penduduk. Tetapi interaksi sosialekonomi tampak lebih rendah karena ( 1) struktur masyarakat holtikultura penduduk lokal kurang menuntut diferensiasi, (2) kualitas dan karakter transmigran yang relatif rendah dan homogen, (3) munculnya etnisitas di desa-desa transmigrasi. Pola interaksi sosial antara transmigran dengan penduduk lokal berbeda cukup signifikan di masing-masing daerah kecamatan sampel. Di daerah (Landono), yang penduduk lokal sudah kehilangan dominasi, kelompok transmigran berperilaku interaksi yang kurang asosiatif; sementara di (Pondidaha), yang penduduk lokal masih cukup dominan, kelompok transmigran tampil lebih asosiatif dibandingkan dengan penduduk lokal. Perbedaan pola interaksi antarkelompok tersebut terjadi karena latar belakang setting sosial, ekonomi, politik, dan geografi daerah yang tidak sama. Daerah Pondidaha mempunyai penduduk yang secara sosial ekonomi lebih maju, dan aksesibilitas ruang yang lebih terbuka daripada daerah Landono. Dengan unit analisis individu terbukti bahwa variabel umur berasosiasi secara negatif, sementara variabel tingkat pendidikan dan tingkat kesejahteraan ekonomi memperlihatkan asosiasi yang positif terhadap tingkat interaksi penduduk. Afiliasi etnik (budaya) mempengaruhi tingkat interaksi warga lewat situasi sosial yang mereka respon. Kebij akan pelaksanaan transmigrasi mempengaruhi secara tidak langsung perilaku interaksi penduduk. Pelaksanaan pemukzman transmigrasi di Landono relatif lebih baik daripada yang terjadi di Pondidaha, sehingga situasi sosial di Landono lebih kondusif danpada situasi sosial di Pondidaha. Hal ini menyebabkan perilaku interaksi penduduk lokal berbeda secara signifikan antara mereka yang tinggal di Landono (lebih asosiatif) dengan mereka yang tinggal di Pondidaha. Hasil penelitian merekomendasikan perlunya reorientasi kebijakan transmigrasi pada kebutuhan pembangunan daerah, yang dilakukan berdasarkan hasil kajian (riset) tentang karakteristik sosial-ekonomi-budaya calon transmigran yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan tersebut.

Transmigration is a social-cultural phenomenon involving the transfer of hundreds of thousands of people with heterogeneous cultural backgrounds to another island inhabited by people having their own cultures. This research is motivated by the desire to find out how transmigrants from different ethnic groups know interact with local people (1) the pattern of their social interaction, (2) whether demographic factors such as social, economic, culture and (3) the nature of policy underlying the implementation of transmigration influences the social interaction between transmigrants and the local people. The research concentrated on two sub- regencies in Kendari regency, southeastern Sulawesi province, which were selected by purposive sampling on the basis of geographical factors and social and economic characteristics of the population. Three hundred and twenty respondents were chosen at random taking into account the population dynamics as well as ethnic groups of transmigrants. Research findings indicate that the interpersonal interaction between transmigrants and local population has gone on well, closer interaction at certain levels of society has led to cultural interaction. Such interaction has induced the assimilation and accommodation of various cultural elements within and among different groups. Nonetheless, it appears, social and economic interaction has been rather minimal because (1) the social structure of the local population who are mainly horticulturists does not engender differentiation, (2) the low and homogeneous quality and character of transmigrants, (3) the emergence of the ethnicity problem in transmigration villages. The pattern of social interaction between transmigrants and the local population differs significantly among the sample regons in the sub-regency. In Landono region, which is dominated by transmigrants, transmigants’ behavior is no longer accommodating, while in Pondidaha where the local population still dominates; transmigrants’s behavior appears to be more collaborative with the local population. The difference in the inter-group interaction between group is attributable differences in social, cultural, economic, political background and geographical setting Pondidaha is inhabited by people who are on average are more economically progressive have easier accessibility than is the case with Landono. Using individual unit analysis it is evident while age associates negatively with population interaction, the level of education and standard of social welfare positively associates with population interaction. Belonging to an ethnic group influences an individual’s interqtion through the social situation to which one responds. The transmigration policy influences indirectly the nature of interaction behavior of the local population. Settling transmigrants in Landono was conducted better than in Pondidaha, and can be induced that the social situation in Landono more conducive than that in Pondidaha. This accounts for the significant difference in the interaction behavior of the local population living in Landono and those staying in Pondidaha. Research findings recommend that the policy of transmigration be more oriented toward fulfilling regional development requirements, conducted through an analysis of the social, economic, and cultural characteristics of transmigrants to be.

Kata Kunci : Geografi,Transmigrasi,Interaksi Sosial