NEGARA DALAM PUSARAN KONFLIK RUMAH IBADAH Problem Persepsi dalam Pembentukan dan Eskalasi Konflik Rumah Ibadah Kristen di Aceh Singkil

AULIA KAMAL, Dr. Mohammad Iqbal Ahnaf

2016 | Tesis | S2 Agama dan Lintas Budaya

Tesis ini berusaha menjawab mengapa persoalan rumah ibadah Kristen di Aceh Singkil terus muncul selama 36 tahun. Konflik pertama muncul pada tahun 1979, pasca konflik tersebut relasi Muslim dan Kristen di Singkil kembali damai dalam waktu yang relatif lama. Namun persoalan ini muncul kembali dalam bentuk serangkaian pembakaran rumah ibadah (1995-1998), aksi protes pihak Muslim dan terbentuknya Perjanjian 11 Oktober 2001 (2001), penyegelan rumah ibadah (2010-2012), hingga pembakaran rumah ibadah dan kerusuhan pada Selasa 13 Oktober 2015 lalu. Banyak narasi-narasi di media yang berupaya menjelaskan kasus konflik ini, tetapi tidak ada penjelasan kompherensif atas pertanyaan mengapa konflik ini muncul kembali. Melalui process-tracing, riset ini mengkonfirmasi hipotesa bahwa konflik Singkil pada dasarnya adalah persoalan persepsi negatif yang melanggengkan konflik melalui uji relevansi atas tiga narasi yang ditemukan selama riset, yakni; (1) pelanggaran perjanjian, (2) kecurigaan atas kristenisasi, dan (3) kelalaian pemerintah daerah. Keterlibatan persepsi dalam konflik dianalisa menggunakan teori dari Pruitt-Rubin (2009) tentang problem persepsi negatif dan perubahan struktural kolektif dalam pembentukan dan eskalasi konflik. Riset ini menemukan bahwa: (1) Tiga narasi tersebut saling terkait lewat persepsi negatif dalam menjawab bagaimana persoalan rumah ibadah menjadi konflik, ketiganya mengkonstruksi dan turut mengeskalasi konflik, namun bukan sumber utama konflik. (2) Konflik di Singkil didasari oleh persepsi negatif yang terus dirasionalisasi antar pihak berkonflik melalui sejumlah mekanisme penyalahan, kecurigaan dan distrust terhadap Pemerintah Daerah. (3) Persepsi negatif mendorong kelanggengan konflik melalui; (a) persistensi sikap dan persepsi negatif berupa; persepsi selektif, mewujudkan ramalan-diri, serta permusuhan autistik; dan (b) persistensi perubahan struktur kelompok, berupa; eksklusivitas anggota kelompok, strategi aliansi dan regenerasi, dan masuknya kepentingan politik. Sementara sejumlah faktor eskalasi muncul melalui proses perubahan struktural kolektif ditandai oleh: (1) proliferasi isu pelanggaran perjanjian kepada sejumlah problem kredibilitas Kristen. (2) Transformasi isu legalitas rumah ibadah kepada isu kristenisasi di Singkil. (3) Meningkatnya soliditas internal pihak berkonflik; dan (4) Masuknya elit politik dalam lingkaran konflik.

This thesis aims to answer why the conflict over houses of Christian worship in Aceh Singkil always occurred for 36 years. After the conflict in 1979, the relation between Muslim and Christian in Singkil was relatively peaceful for a long time, but this conflict turned up again such as burning the houses of worship (1995-1998), protesting action by the Muslim which was ended by the agreement on 11th of October 2001 (2001), the sealing of houses of worship (2010-2012), burning the houses of worship and the riot on Tuesday, 13th of October 2015. Many narrations on media tried to explain this conflict, but there was no comprehensive explanation toward the question why this conflict happened again. Through process-tracing method, this research confirms the hypotheses that the conflict in Singkil basically are about the problem of negative perceptions that create the persistence of conflict through the test on three narrations that were found during research, such as; (1) violating the treaty, (2) suspicion of christianization, and (3) the negligence of the local government. The occurrence of this perception in conflict analyzed by using the theory from Pruitt-Rubin (2009) regarding the problem of negative perception and collective structural in conflict formation and escalation. This research found that: (1) Those three narrations are related through the negative perception to answer how the houses of worship becomes the conflict, three of them constructed and escalated the conflict, even though it is not the main source of conflict. (2) The conflict in Singkil was based on problem of perception that is always rationalized between Muslim-Christian through the mechanism of blaming, prejudice, and distrust toward the local government. (3) The negative perception boosted the existence of conflict through: (a) the persistence of attitudes and negative perception, such as: selective perception, sel-fulfilling prophecy, autistic hostility; and (b) the persistence of group structural change, such as exclusivity of group members, strategic alliances and regeneration, and the inclusion of political interest. On the other hand, the factor of escalation turned up through the process of collective structural change that were signed by: (1) The proliferation issue of treaty violations to the Christian credibility problems; (2) The transformation of legal issues over houses of worship into christianization issue in Singkil; (3) The increased of internal solidity of the conflict; and (4) The inclusion of the political elite in the cycle of conflict.

Kata Kunci : process-tracing, structural change model, attitude and negative perception, Muslim-Christian in Aceh Singkil.