PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT HAWAR DAUN TANAMAN KENTANG (Solanum tuberosum L.) dengan JAMUR ANTAGONIS Trichoderma spp.

DRA. SUSIANA PURWANTISARI M SI, Prof. Dr. Ir. Achmadi Priyatmojo, M. Sc.; Dr. Retno Peni Sancayaningsih, M Sc; Rina Sri Kasiamdari S Si., Ph. D.

2016 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Biologi

INTISARI Penyakit hawar daun oleh infeksi patogen Phytophthora infestans merupakan penyakit utama pada tanaman kentang yang menyebabkan gagal panen, sehingga mengakibatkan kerugian yang nyata bagi para petani kentang. Pengendalian penyakit hawar daun menggunakan jamur antagonis Trichoderma spp. sangat berpotensi dilakukan, hal tersebut karena jamur tersebut telah terbukti mampu mengendalikan penyakit pada banyak jenis tanaman budidaya, tidak menyebabkan resistensi terhadap patogen, biaya produksinya murah, tidak mencemari lingkungan serta membahayakan kesehatan manusia. Tujuan penelitian adalah: 1. Mendapatkan jamur antagonis Trichoderma yang paling efektif dalam mengendalikan pertumbuhan patogen P. infestans (penelitian in vitro), 2. Mempelajari efektifitas jamur antagonis Trichoderma dalam menekan penyakit hawar daun dan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan serta hasil tanaman kentang (penelitian in vivo). 3. Mempelajari mekanisme ketahanan biokimiawi dan struktural tanaman kentang hasil aplikasi Trichoderma viride. Penelitian terdiri dari 4 tahapan yaitu: 1. Uji in vitro antara Trichoderma spp. dan P. infestans. 2. Aplikasi Trichoderma terpilih pada tanah tempat bibit tanaman kentang ditanam, 3. Uji kandungan glukanase, total fenol, hormon giberelin serta pengamatan lignifikasi pada jaringan tanaman kentang sebagai indikator adanya respon ketahanan tanaman terhadap invasi P. infestans. Penelitian in vivo menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 6 perlakuan dan 8 ulangan dan dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran Desa Cikole, Kota Bandung. Perlakuan tersebut adalah: P1, aplikasi Trichoderma viride 2 minggu sebelum tanam/ mst dan infeksi P. infestans, P2, aplikasi T. viride 1 minggu sesudah tanam/ msd, infeksi P. infestans, P3, aplikasi T. viride 1 msd dan infeksi P. infestans, P4, aplikasi fungisida kimia, infeksi P. infestans, P5, tanpa aplikasi dan infeksi P. infestans, dan P6, tanpa aplikasi T. viride dan P. infestans. Parameter yang diamati meliputi: masa inkubasi penyakit, intensitas penyakit, tinggi tanaman dan hasil panen. Diperoleh 14 isolat jamur hasil isolasi dari rhizosfer tanaman kentang sehat, yang terdiri dari 3 genus yaitu Trichoderma, Aspergillus dan Pennicillium. Sembilan isolat Trichoderma mampu menghambat pertumbuhan P. infestans, namun Trichoderma viride mempunyai daya hambat yang paling besar. Aplikasi T. viride mampu menunda kemunculan penyakit hawar daun sampai 14 hari, mengurangi intensitas penyakit hingga 30%, meningkatkan tinggi serta hasil tanaman kentang. Kadar total fenol, glukanase dan giberelin pada jaringan tanaman kentang yang diaplikasi oleh T. viride mempunyai kandungan yang lebih tinggi (1587 ����¯�¿�½���¯���¿���½������¯������¿������½����¯�¿�½������¯����¯�¿�½������¿����¯�¿�½������½����¯�¿�½���¯���¿���½������¯������¿������½����¯�¿�½���¯���¿���½����¯�¿�½������¼g/g, 132 ����¯�¿�½���¯���¿���½������¯������¿������½����¯�¿�½������¯����¯�¿�½������¿����¯�¿�½������½����¯�¿�½���¯���¿���½������¯������¿������½����¯�¿�½���¯���¿���½����¯�¿�½������¼g/g/menit; 2800 ppm/g/) dibanding kadar total fenol, giberelin dan glukanase yang tidak diaplikasi dengan T. viride. Lignifikasi terjadi pada jaringan tanaman kentang yang diaplikasi T. viride. Tanaman kentang secara signifikan mampu menginduksi ketahanan biokimiawi dan struktural tanaman kentang, menunda kemunculan gejala penyakit hawar daun, mengurangi intensitas penyakit hawar daun serta meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kentang

ABSTRACT Late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans is on of the most important diseases potato in Indonesia. Damages by the disease had increased due to wide spread cultivation of modern high yielding potato varieties. Late blight disease control using Trichoderma spp. has the potential to do because that fungus has proved capable of controlling the disease in many species of cultivated plants. Trichoderma spp. does not cause resistance to pathogens, cheap to produce, does not pollute to the environment and endanger human health. The biocontrol potential of Trichoderma viride against potato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, were studied in vitro and under greenhouse conditions The purpose of this study are: 1. Obtain the most effectiveness of Trichoderma in controlling the growth of P. infestans (in vitro studies). 2. Study the effectiveness of Trichoderma on suppressing late blight diseases, and 3. Studying the biochemical and structural of potato plant tissues by the application Trichoderma selected (in vivo studies). The study consisted of four stages: 1. In vitro tests between Trichoderma spp. and P. infestans, 2. Applications of T. viride on rhizosphere potato plant, 3. Test of content glucanase, total phenols and gibberellins and lignification observation in the plant tissue as an indicator of a potato plant resistance response against invading pathogen P. infestans. The research was carried out at potato land area located at BALITSA in Cikole, Lembang, Bandung Regency. Completely Randomized Design was used with six treatments and five replicates. The treatment tested consist of control (without pathogen fungal and antagonists fungus application), control (with pathogen fungal application and without antagonist fungal application), chemical fungicide application, T. viride application 2 weeks before planting, T. viride 1 week after planting and both application 2 weeks before and 1 week after planting. The parameters observed: the incubation period of the disease, the intensity of the disease plant height and yield. Retrieved 14 isolates of fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy potato plants, which consists of 3 genus is Trichoderma, Aspergillus and Pennicillium. 9 Trichoderma isolates capable of inhibiting the growth of P. infestans, but Trichoderma viride has the greatest inhibition. T. viride application is able to delay the emergence of late blight to 14 days, reducing the intensity of the disease by 30 %, increase the height and yield of potato plants. T. viride application is able to delay the emergence of leaf blight to 14 days, reducing the intensity of the disease by 30 %, increase the height and yield of potato plants. Total phenols, glucanase and gibberellins in the plant tissue of potato that applied by T. viride has a higher content e content on potato plant tissue is applied by T. viride has a total phenols content is higher compared to the total content of phenols, gibberellins and glucanase content in the plant tissue of potatoes that are not applied with T. viride. Application T. viride on potato can significantly induce plant resistance to disease potato blight. Result of the research showed that application of antagonists fungal could decrease disease intensity and tended to improve crop potato yield. Research repeatment with more quantity pouring the antagonist was needed. These antagonist fungi could be used as biological agents initials to control late blight disease. Research results showed that the treatment of biocontrol Trichoderma viride promoted vegetative growth of potato plant, and increased potato height for up to more five times higher compared to control, and reduced late blight disease intensity.

Kata Kunci : Biological control, Potato late blight, Phytophthora infestans, Trichoderma viride, Biochemical plant resistance, structural plant biochemical plant resistance