Kajian Kerusakan Lingkungan Akibat Kegiatan Pariwisata di Desa Nglanggeran, Kecamatan Patuk, Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

SUGENG YULIANTO, Prof. Dr. H. Totok Gunawan, M.S.; Dr. Sigit Heru Murti BS., S.Si., M.Sc.

2016 | Tesis | S2 Magister Pengelolaan Lingkungan

INTISARI Tema lingkungan dan pembangunan selalu menarik untuk dikaji. Terutama mengaitkan derajat risiko dan dampak pembangunan sektor pariwisata terhadap lingkungan, baik fisik, biotik, maupun kultur. Riset ini berusaha mengkaji Pembangunan pariwisata di Desa Nglanggeran, Gunungkidul, terkait dengan pengelolaan sumber daya alam, yang dikaitkan dengan dampaknya terhadap kelestarian lingkungan hidup setempat. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah: (1) mengidentifikasi kerusakan lingkungan akibat kegaitan pariwisata desa ditinjau dari aspek abiotik, biotik, dan sosial-budaya; (2) mengkaji tingkat kerusakan lingkungan tersebut; dan (3) merumuskan strategi pengelolaan pariwisata di desa tersebut agar tidak terjadi kerusakan lingkungan abiotik, biotik, dan sosial-budaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Data diperoleh melalui observasi lapangan, wawancara mendalam, dan pendokumentasian. Berdasarkan olah data yang diperolah dan analisis menggunakan teori dan perspektif, setidaknya diperoleh tiga temuan utama. Pertama, telah terjadi kerusakan lingkungan fisik, sekalipun masih tergolong sedang, di beberapa tempat di kawasan obyek wisata di Desa Nglanggeran, diantaranya di jalur pendakian di situs gunung api purba dan di sekitar embung buatan, termasuk di bagian jalan tembus baru. Kedua, terjadi kerusakan lingkungan biotik, juga tergolong sedang, di beberapa lokasi di kawasan obyek wisata di Desa Nglanggeran. Kerusakan itu, terutama pada hilangnya vegetasi dan terganggunya ruang hidup organisme di jalur pendakian dan di sekitar embung buatan. Ketiga, pada lingkungan kultur juga terjadi pergeseran, corak relasi sosial lebih menggunakan logika ekonomi pragmatis, dan kecenderungan muncul masalah sosial baru. Diantara pergeseran itu misalnya, keterlibatan warga lebih pada kegiatan ekonomi dibanding kegotong-royongan, perubahan konsumsi dan gaya hidup yang cenderung meningkat, masalah keamanan dari tindak pidana pencurian, masalah persampahan, termasuk perubahan lanskap lingkungan terbangun yang semakin meninggalkan corak tradisional (aseli), termasuk masalah lonjakan harga properti. Temuan-temuan tersebut menjadi dasar pijak merumuskan strategi pengembangan pariwisata yang makin taat asas kelestarian ekologi, keberlanjutan sumber penghidupan warga masyarakat, menjaga otentisitas budaya dan modal sosial konunitas desa sebagaimana tercermin dalam value dan perspektif ecotourism.

ABSTRACT The theme on environment and development is always interesting to study. Especially, when it is associated to the degree of risk and the development impact of the tourism sector to the environment, whether physical, biotic, and culture. This research examines the tourism development in Nglanggeran village, Gunung Kidul, in relation to natural resources management, which is associated to the impact on the local environment. The main objectives of this research are: (1) identifying environmental damages caused by village tourism business in the aspect of abiotic, biotic, and socio-cultural damage; (2) assessing the extent of environmental damage; and (3) formulating the strategies of managing tourism in the village in order to avoid abiotic, biotic, and socio-cultural environmental damage. This study has applied a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through field observations, interviews, and documentation. Based on the data obtained and analysis using the theory and perspective, at least, there are three main findings. Firstly, there has been a physical environment damage, though still relatively moderate, in some places in the attraction area in Nglanggeran village, including at hiking paths of the ancient volcano sites and around a man-made small reservoir (embung buatan), including at the newly-built road. Secondly, there has been damage to the biotic environment, though still relatively moderate, at several locations in the attraction area of Nglanggeran village. The damage, mainly to the loss of vegetation and disturbance of organisms living space at the hiking trail and around the small reservoir. Thirdly, in the aspect of cultural environment, there has been a kind of shift, namely, the patterns of social relations become more pragmatic with economic logic, and the tendency of emerging new social problems. Among the shifts, for example, the community engagement is more in terms of economic activity than cooperativeness (gotong-royong), changes in consumption pattern and lifestyle are likely to increase, the security issues of the crime of theft, garbage problems, including changes in the landscape of the built environment that is increasingly leaving traditional style (indigenous), including problem on soaring property prices. These findings can be as the basis of formulating the tourism development strategies, more concerned to the ecological preservation, sustainability of livelihoods for the local communities, maintaining the authenticity of cultural and social capital as reflected in the value and perspective of ecotourism.

Kata Kunci : tourism, ecotourism, environmental degradation