Hubungan status GAKY, anemia dan kesegaran jasmani anak Sekolah Dasar dan perbedaan kesegaran jasmani menurut endemisitas di Kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara

TORUAN, Joner Lumban, Dr.dr. BM. Wara Kushartanti, MS

2007 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat (Gizi dan Kesehatan)

Latar Belakang : Masalah GAKY, anemia merupakan salah satu dari empat masalah gizi utama di Indonesia. Prevalensi TGR hasil survei GAKY 2003 di Kabupaten Dairi sebesar 33,9%. Survei Kesehatan Rumah Tangga tahun 2001, prevalensi anemia pada balita 0 – 5 tahun sekitar 47%, anak usia sekolah dan remaja sekitar 26,5% dan Wanita Usia Subur (WUS) berkisar 40%. Sementara survei di DKI Jakarta tahun 2004 menunjukkan angka prevalensi anemia pada balita sebesar 26,5% dan pada ibu hamil 43,5%. Hormon tiroid mengatur kecepatan metabolisme dan berperan penting pada pembentukan kalori, sementara hemoglobin di dalam darah berfungsi membawa oksigen dari paru-paru keseluruh jaringan tubuh. Menurunnya hemoglobin darah mengakibatkan metabolisme energi didalam otot terganggu yang menyebabkan rasa lelah. Tujuan Penelitian : Melihat hubungan GAKY,anemia dengan kesegaran jasmani serta melihat perbedaan kesegaran jasmani menurut tingkat endemisitas. Metode Penelitian : Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional. Lokasi penelitian di kabupaten Dairi Sumatera Utara, untuk menetapkan tingkat endemisitas dilakukan palpasi, untuk menetukan sampel dipilih 3 SD menurut tingkat endemisitas, besar sampel dihitung dengan menggunaka rumus lemeshow et. Al. Jumlah sampel per kecamatan dan SD ditetapkan secara kuota, dan pemilihan sampel dari kelas 4 – 6 dipilih dengan sistematik random sampling. Analisa data dilakukan dengan univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat dengan menggunakan Chi Square (χ2), dan untuk melihat perbedaan kesegaran jasmani berdasarkan tingkat endemisitas digunakan uji Anova (Uji F). Hasil Penelitian : Hubungan GAKY dengan kesegaran jasmani pada uji statistik didapat nilai p = 0,675, dengan OR sebesar 0,8 (95% CI: 0,499-1,498). Hubungan anemia dengan kesegaran jasmani pada uji statistik didapat nilai p = 0,003, dan nilai OR sebesar 2,29 (95% CI: 1,33-3,95). Perbedaan kesegaran jasmani menurut tingkat endemisitas menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang mana nilai p= <0,001. Kesimpulan : Tidak ada hubungan GAKY dengan kesegaran jasmani, ada hubungan anemia dengan kesegaran jasmani dan ada perbedaan antara kesegaran jasmani menurut tingkat endemisitas.

Background: Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) and anemia are major health problems in Indonesia. Prevalence of TGR according to the result of IDD survey 2003 in District of Dairi is 33,9%. Prevalence of anemia according to Household Health Survey 2001 is 47% for children of 0 – 5 years old; 26.5% for school children and 40% for eligible women. The result of a survey in Jakarta capital city special territory 2004 shows that prevalence of anemia is 26.5% for children under five and 43.5% for pregnant mothers. Thyroid hormone regulates metabolism and plays an important role in calorie production, whereas haemoglobin in the blood may distort metabolism of energy in the muscles leading to fatique. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the relationship between IDD, anemia and physical fitness and to assess differences in physical fitness according to endemic level. Method: The study was observational with cross sectional design. Location of the study was District of Dairi, Sumatera Utara. Palpation was used to identify endemic level. Three elementary schools were chosen according to endemic level. The size of samples was calculated using Lemeshow et al. formula. Number of samples per district and elementary school was determined using quota, and samples were selected from grade 4 – 6 using systematic random sampling technique. Data analysis used univariable, bivariable and multivariable techniques. Chi Square (X2) was used to identify the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable, and anova test (F test) was used to find out differences in physical fitness based on endemic level. Result: The result of statistical test showed that the relationship between IDD and physical fitness was p=0.675 with OR 0.8 (95% CI: 0.499 – 1.498). The relationship between anemia and physical fitness was p=0.003, with OR 2.29 (95% CI=1.33 – 3.95). There were differences in physical fitness according to endemic level with p<0.001. Conclusion: There was no relationship between IDD and physical fitness, there was relationship between anemia and physical fitness and there was differences in physical fitness according to endemic level.

Kata Kunci : Endemi GAKY,Penanggulangan,Anemia dan Kesegaran Jasmani, iodine deficiency disorder, anemia, physical fitness