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Tindak tutur Al-Khabariy dan tindak tutur Al-Insya at Talabiy dalam Novel Ahlu Al-Hamidiyyah karya Najib Al-Kilaniy :: Analisis pragmatik

ROFIQ, Faiq Ainur, Dr. Amir Maruf, M.Hum

2009 | Tesis | S2 Agama dan Lintas Budaya

Fokus penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan deskripsi mengenai tindak tutur al-khabariy (tindak tutur deklaratif) dan tindak tutur al-insya<’ at}-t}alabiy (yang mencakup tindak tutur imperatif (amr), interogatif (istifha>m), larangan (nahy), pengandaian (tamanni>), dan panggilan (nida>’)) yang digunakan dalam praktik komunikasi yang terdapat dalam novel ahlu al-h{ami>diyyah karya Naji>b al-Ki>la>niy, yakni menyangkut bentuk-bentuk formalnya, makna-makna pragmatiknya dan penggunaannya. Metode analisis yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode intra linguistik dan ekstra linguistik dengan menggunakan teori tindak tutur dalam pragmatik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan bentuknya, tindak tutur al-khabariy (tindak tutur deklaratif) dapat dibagi menjadi dua bentuk, yaitu jumlatun fi‘liyyatun dan jumlatun ismiyyatun. Jumlatun fi‘liyyatun pada tindak tutur deklaratif berupa fi‘l ma>di> dan fi‘l mudari‘. Tindak tutur al-insya<’ at}-t}alabiy yang terbagi menjadi lima macam, bentuk-bentuknya antara lain. Tindak tutur al- ’amriy (tindak tutur imperatif) dalam novel, mempunyai empat bentuk, yaitu: fi‘l amr, fi‘l mud}a>ri‘ yang didahului dengan la>m amr, ism fi‘l amr, dan mas}dar yang menggantikan fi‘l amr. Tindak tutur al-istifha>miy (tindak tutur interogatif) berdasarkan pirantinya mempunyai sepuluh bentuk yakni dengan menggunakan hal, hamzah, man, ma>, mata>, aina, kam, kaifa, ayyu , dan pola intonasi kalimat tanya yang digambarkan dengan tanda tanya (?) di akhir tuturan. Bentuk tindak tutur an-nahyi (tindak tutur larangan) dalam novel berupa fi‘l mud}a>ri‘ yang didahului dengan partikel -la> yang berfungsi untuk melarang (la> an-na>hiyah). Bentuk tindak tutur at-tamanniy (tindak tutur pengandaian) berdasarkan pirantinya mempunyai tiga bentuk, yakni dengan menggunakan la‘alla, law dan laita. Bentuk tindak tutur an-nida>’iy (tindak tutur panggilan) pada praktik komunikasi yang terdapat dalam novel ahlu al-h{ami dan a>i. Makna pragmatik tindak tutur al-khabariy (tindak tutur deklaratif) dalam novel ahlu al-h{amib al-Ki>la>niy terbagi menjadi dua puluh enam macam yaitu: saran (al-irsya>du), memperlihatkan kelemahan (id}ha>ru ad-do‘fi), memperlihatkan kesedihan (iz}ha>ru at-tah}assuri), memperlihatkan kegembiraan (iz}ha>ru al-farah}i), hinaan (at-tah}qi>ru), mengingatkan (at-taz\ki>ru), peringatan (attanbi> hu), kesombongan (at-tafa>khuru), pujian (al-madh}u), mengagungkan (atta‘ z}i>mu), harapan/pengandaian (at-tamanni>), larangan (an-nahyu), janji (alwa‘ du), ancaman (at-tah}di>du), ingkar (al-inka>ru), meniadakan (an-nafyu), putus asa (at-tai’i>s), motivasi (tahri>ku al-himmati), teguran (at-taubi>khu), perintah (alamru), hiburan (al-i’tina>su), ucapan selamat (at-tahni’atu), doa (ad-du‘a>’u), ajakan (ad-da‘watu), pertanyaan (al-istifha>mu) dan kegalauan (at-tah{yi>ru). Tindak tutur al-insya<’ at}-t}alabiy yang terbagi menjadi lima macam, makna pragmatiknya seperti dalam perincian berikut. Tindak tutur al-’amriy (tindak tutur imperatif) dalam novel ahlu al-h{ami’u), meminta belas kasihan (al-istirh}a>mu), saran (al-irsya>du), ancaman (attahdi> du), persilaan (at-tarh}i>bu), pemulyaan (al-ikra>mu), hinaan (at-tah}qi>ru), izin (al-iz\nu), hiburan (al-i’tina>su), mendidik (at-ta’di>bu), heran (at-ta’ajjubu), berita (al-khabaru), peringatan (at-tanbi>hu), kepasrahan (at-tasli>mu), mengingatkan (attaz\ki>ru), meminta maaf (t}alabu al-‘afwi) dan ajakan (ad-da‘watu). Pada tindak tutur al-istifha>miy (tindak tutur interogatif) ditemukan delapan belas macam makna pragmatik yaitu: perintah (al-’amru), peniadaan (an-nafyu), inkar (alinka> ru), motivasi (tahri>ku al-himmati), kebulatan tekad (at-taqri>ru), hinaan (attah} qi>ru), heran (at-ta‘ajjubu), ancaman (al-wa‘i>du), peringatan (at-tanbi>hu), memperlihatkan kesedihan (iz}ha>ru at-tah}assuri), menyombongkan diri (attafa> khuru), kegalauan (at-tah}yi>ru), teguran (at-taubi>khu), mengingatkan (attaz\ ki>ru), putus asa (at-tai’i>su), berita (al-khabaru), harapan/pengandaian (attamanni>), dan ajakan (ad-da‘watu). Makna pragmatik tindak tutur an-nahyi (tindak tutur larangan) ditemukan empat macam yaitu: meminta belas kasihan (alistirh} a>mu), mengagungkan (at-ta‘z}i>mu), mengingatkan (at-taz\ki>ru), dan saran/nasehat (al-irsya>du). Pada tindak tutur at-tamanniy (tindak tutur pengandaian) tidak ditemukan makna pragmatik (makna nonstruktural), dalam tindak tutur pengandaian hanya terdapat makna formalnya saja (makna struktural). Makna pragmatik tindak tutur an-nida>’iy (tindak tutur panggilan) ditemukan empat macam yaitu: merendahkan diri (at-tawa>du‘u), ratapan (an-nudbatu), kegelisahan (at-tad}ajjuru), dan ejekan (az-zajru). Tindak tutur al-khabariy (tindak tutur deklaratif) dapat dibagi menjadi empat jenis, yaitu: tindak tutur deklaratif langsung literal, tindak tutur deklaratif langsung tidak literal, tindak tutur deklaratif tidak langsung literal, dan tindak tutur deklaratif tidak langsung tidak literal. Tindak tutur al-insya>’ at}-t}alabiy yang terbagi menjadi lima macam, jenis-jenis penggunaannya dapat dilihat pada perincian berikut. Tindak tutur al-’amriy (tindak tutur imperatif) penggunaannya dapat dibagi menjadi empat jenis, yaitu: tindak tutur imperatif langsung literal, tindak tutur imperatif langsung tidak literal, tindak tutur imperatif tidak langsung literal, dan tindak tutur imperatif tidak langsung tidak literal. Tindak tutur alistifha> miy (tindak tutur interogatif) penggunaannya juga dapat dibagi menjadi empat jenis, yaitu: tindak tutur interogatif langsung literal, tindak tutur interogatif langsung tidak literal, tindak tutur interogatif tidak langsung literal, dan tindak tutur interogatif tidak langsung tidak literal. Tindak tutur an-nahyi (tindak tutur larangan) penggunaannya dalam novel dibagi menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu: tindak tutur larangan langsung literal, tindak tutur larangan tidak langsung literal, dan tindak tutur larangan tidak langsung tidak literal. Tindak tutur at-tamanniy (tindak tutur pengandaian) penggunaannya dalam novel dibagi menjadi dua jenis, yaitu: tindak tutur pengandaian langsung literal dan tindak tutur pengandaian tidak langsung literal. Tindak tutur an-nida>’iy (tindak tutur panggilan) penggunaannya dalam novel dibagi menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu: tindak tutur panggilan langsung literal, tindak tutur panggilan tidak langsung literal, dan tindak tutur panggilan tidak langsung tidak literal.

This research is focused on describing the al-khabary speech acts (tindak tutur deklaratif) and al-insya<’ at}-t}alabiy speech acts (including the imperative speech acts, interrogative speech acts, interdiction speech acts, conditional speech acts and vocation speech acts) in Naji>b al-Ki>la>ni’s novel Ahlu al-H{ami>diyyah including the forms, the functions, and the types. The methods used to analyze the data are intra linguistic and extra linguistic based on pragmatics theory. The result of the research shows that al-khabary speech acts in novel based on the forms can be jumlatun fi‘liyyatun and jumlatun ismiyyatun. The form of jumlatun fi‘liyyatun just include fi‘l ma>di> and fi‘l mudari‘. The forms of al-insya<’ at}-t}alabiy speech acts that divided into five parts the forms are as follows: the forms of imperative speech acts (tindak tutur al-’amriy) can be fi‘l amr, fi‘l muda>ri‘ with la>m amr, ism fi‘l amr, and mas}dar. The forms of interrogative speech acts (tindak tutur al-istifha>miy) based on it’s instruments can be interrogative with hal, hamzah, man, ma>, mata>, aina, kam, kaifa, ayyu and interrogative with question mark (?). The form of interdiction speech acts (tindak tutur an-nahyi) can be fi‘l mud}a>ri‘ with la> an-na>hiyah. The forms of conditional speech acts (tindak tutur at-tamanniy) based on it’s instruments can be conditional speech acts with la‘alla, law dan laita. The forms of vocation speech acts (tindak tutur an-nida>’iy) based on it’s instruments can be vocation speech acts with ayyu, ya> and a>i. Based on its functions, the al-khabary (tindak tutur deklaratif) speech acts divided into twenty six types, they are: advice (al-irsya>du), show a weakness (id}ha>ru ad-do‘fi), show a sadness (iz}ha>ru at-tah}assuri), show a happiness (iz}ha>ru al-farah}i), insulting (at-tah}qi>ru), reminding (at-taz\ki>ru), warning (at-tanbi>hu), boasting (at-tafa>khuru), praising (al-madh}u), glorifying (at-ta‘z}i>mu), expectation (at-tamanni>), interdiction (an-nahyu), promising (al-wa‘du), threat (at-tah}di>du), denial (al-inka>ru), expulsion (an-nafyu), despairing (at-tai’i>s), motivation (tahri>ku al-himmati), reprimanding (at-taubi>khu), commanding (al-amru), comforting (ali’tina> su), congratulating (at-tahni’atu), praying (ad-du‘a>’u), inviting (ad-da‘watu), interrogating (al-istifha>mu) and confusing (at-tah{yi>ru). al-Insya<’ at}-t}alabiy speech acts that divided into five parts the functions are as follows: the functions of imperative speech acts (tindak tutur al-’amriy) divided into seventeen types, they are: praying (ad-du‘a>’u), compassion (al-istirh}a>mu), advice (al-irsya>du), threat (attahdi> du), welcoming (at-tarh}i>bu), respect (al-ikra>mu), insulting (at-tah}qi>ru), permission (al-iz\nu), comforting (al-i’tina>su), educating (at-ta’di>bu), wondering (at-ta’ajjubu), stating (al-khabaru), warning (at-tanbi>hu), resigning (at-tasli>mu), reminding (at-taz\ki>ru), pardoning (t}alabu al-‘afwi) and inviting (ad-da‘watu). The functions of interrogative speech acts (tindak tutur al-istifha>miy) divided into eighteen types, they are: commanding (al-’amru), expulsion (an-nafyu), denial (alinka> ru), motivation (tahri>ku al-himmati), determining (at-taqri>ru), insulting (attah} qi>ru), wondering (at-ta‘ajjubu), threat (al-wa‘i>du), warning (at-tanbi>hu), show a sadness (iz}ha>ru at-tah}assuri), boasting (at-tafa>khuru), confusing (at-tah}yi>ru), reprimanding (at-taubi>khu), reminding (at-taz\ki>ru), despairing (at-tai’i>su), stating (al-khabaru), expectation (at-tamanni>) and inviting (ad-da‘watu). The functions of interdiction speech acts (tindak tutur an-nahyi) divided into four types, they are, compassion (al-istirh}a>mu), glorifying (at-ta‘z}i>mu), reminding (at-taz\ki>ru) and advice (al-irsya>du). There is no function for conditional speech acts (tindak tutur at-tamanniy) except its structural meaning. The functions of vocation speech acts (tindak tutur an-nida>’iy) divided into four types, they are: modesty (at-tawa>du‘u), lamentation (an-nudbatu), nervousness (at-tad}ajjuru) and derision(az-zajru). Based on the types, the al-khabary speech acts (tindak tutur deklaratif) in novel done in four ways, they are direct literal speech acts, direct non literal speech acts, indirect literal speech acts, indirect non literal speech acts. The types of al-insya<’ at}-t}alabiy speech acts divided into five parts as follows: the types of imperative speech acts (tindak tutur al-’amriy) done in four ways, they are direct literal speech acts, direct non-literal speech acts, indirect literal speech acts, and indirect non-literal speech acts. The types of interrogative speech acts (tindak tutur al-istifha>miy) done in four ways, they are direct literal speech acts, direct nonliteral speech acts, indirect literal speech acts and indirect non-literal speech acts. The types of interdiction speech acts (tindak tutur an-nahyi) done in three ways, they are direct literal speech acts, indirect literal speech acts and indirect nonliteral speech acts. The types of conditional speech acts (tindak tutur at-tamanniy) done in two ways, they are direct literal speech acts and indirect literal speech acts. The types of vocation speech acts (tindak tutur an-nida>’iy) done in three ways, they are direct literal speech acts, indirect literal speech acts and indirect nonliteral speech acts.

Kata Kunci : Tindak tutur,Makna pragmatik,Tindak tutur tidak langsung dan tindak tututr literal


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