Pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir (PEMP) di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Bantul :: Studi Implementasi Program PEMP pada Dinas Peternakan Kelautan dan Perikanan Kabupaten Bantul

SAHUDIYONO, Dr. Agus Heruanto Hadna; M.Si

2009 | Tesis | S2 Administrasi Negara

Tujuan jangka panjang program PEMP adalah: (1) Peningkatan kemandirian masyarakat pesisir melalui pengembangan kegiatan ekonomi, peningkatan kualitas sumberdaya manusia (SDM), partisipasi masyarakat, penguatan modal dan penguatan kelembagaan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir yang dibangunnya, (2) Peningkatan kemampuan masyarakat pesisir untuk mengelola dan memanfaatkan sumberdaya pesisir dan laut secara optimal, berkelanjutan sesuai dengan kaidah kelestarian lingkungan, dan (3) Pengembangan kemitraan masyarakat pesisir dengan lembaga swasta dan pemerintah. Darwin (2007:3) mengatakan ada lima pilar di dalam Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan Kemiskinan, yakni perluasan kesempatan, pemberdayaan kelembagaan masyarakat, peningkatan kapasitas perlindungan sosial dan penataan kemitraan global. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan program PEMP di kabupaten Bantul. Jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dengan metode wawancara, observasi dan penggunaan data sekunder. Wawancara dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman wawancara, pembicaraan informal dan wawancara baku terbuka. Program PEMP di kabupaten Bantul dimulai tahun 2001 dengan penyaluran Dana Ekonomi Produktif oleh koperasi LEPP-M3 diikuti pembentukan lembaga-lembaga pemberdayaan bidang ekonomi dan bidang sosial budaya serta memfasilitasi dibentuknya kelompok-kelompok masyarakat pemanfaat yang meliputi kelompok nelayan, pedagang ikan, pengolah ikan dan pengusaha warung makan. Analisis pelaksanaan program dilakukan dari dua perspektif, yakni dari perspektif individual meliputi partisipasi masyarakat, peningkatan kapasitas, kemandirian, dan dari perspektif komunitas mencakup penguatan kelembagaan dan kemitraan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan (1) partisipasi masyarakat dibedakan dalam dua tingkatan yakni partisipasi nyata dan partisipasi semu, (2) beberapa program pelatihan benar-benar dapat dirasakan hasil dan manfaatnya, namun demikian masih ada juga pelatihan yang tidak menampakkan hasil dan kemanfaatannya. Pelatihan yang benar-benar bermanfaat adalah pelatihan yang bersifat aplicable dan/atau produktif seperti pelatihan manajemen usaha dan pelatihan mengolah ikan, sedangkan pelatihan yang bermanfaat tetapi tidak tidak aplicable dan tidak produktif adalah pelatihan kenavigasian karena materi dalam pelatihan ini diproyeksikan bagi nelayan yang mengoperasikan kapal motor berkekuatan minimal 10 GT ke atas sementara nelayan Bantul hanya mengoperasikan perahu motor tempel (PMT) berkekuatan maksimal 15 PK. (3) kemandirian masyarakat nampak dalam hal memilih profesi atu jenis usaha, dalam berinvestasi dan permodalan usaha serta kultur kewirausahaan, (4) penguatan kelembagaan terjadi dalam arti institusi maupun kelembagaan dalam arti pranata sosial. Institusi yang sudah menunjukkan tanda-tanda penguatan yaitu LKM Swamitra Mina, Kedai Pesisir, dan Kelompok Nelayan Mina Bahari 45, serta Paguyuban Perempuan Pesisir, sedangkan LEPP-M3 masih harus terus diupayakan penguatannya. Dua lembaga yakni P3MP dan Klinik Bisnis, keberadaanya masih perlu dievaluasi kembali (5) kerjasama kemitraan masih berbentuk kemitraan antar skala usaha, kemitraan mutualistik (mutualism-partnership) masih dalam taraf penjajagan. Rekomendasi spesifik penelitian ini adalah (1) sosialisasi berkelanjutan perlu terus dilakukan untuk menumbuhkan partisipasi yang tinggi, (2) diklat harus disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat, (3) kelembagaan diarahkan untuk menumbuhkan dan mengembangkan jiwa entrepreneurship, dan (4) kerjasama kemitraan diperluas atas dasar pertimbangan yang saling menguntungkan bagi kedua belah pihak (mutualism partnership).

The long-term targets of the PEMP program are 1) The development of the self-reliance of coastal society through economic activity development, the increase of the quality of human resources, social participation, reinforcement of capital and economic institution of coastal society (2) The development of the ability of coastal society to manage and exploit the coastal and sea resources optimally, sustainably according to environmental continuity norm, and (3) The development of the social-partnership of coastal society with the private sector and governmental institution. Darwin ( 2007:3) states, there are five pillars in National Strategy of Poorness Prevention, namely opportunity extension, empowerment of society institution, development of social protection capacities and global partnership settlement. This research is conducted to find out and to describe the implementation of PEMP program in Bantul regency. The type of the research is qualitative with the descriptive method which uses the case study approach. Data collecting is done with the interview method, observation and the use of secondary data. Interview is conducted by using guidance interview, informal discussion and opened permanent interview. PEMP Program in Bantul started in 2001 by distribution of the Productive Economic Fund by LEPP-M3 cooperation. It was followed by the forming of economic and social-cultural empowering institutions and it also facilitates to form its user society groups covering fishermen group, fish merchants, fish manufactures and restaurants. Program implementation analysis is conducted from two perspectives, there are the individual perspective consists of social participation, capacity development, self-reliance, and the community perspective includes the reinforcement of institution and partnership. The results of analysis show (1) society participation is differenciated in two levels, namely real participation and quasi-participation, (2) the result of some training program really can be felt and give benefits, however there are still also a training which does not give any results and benefits. The really useful training are trainings which are applicable and/or productive like management training and fish manufacture training, whereas the useful training that does not applicable and unproductive is the training of navigation, because the lessons in this training is projected for fishermen who operate motor ship with power of 10 GT minimum whereas fishermen in Bantul only operate the speed boat patch (PMT) with power 15 House Power maximum. (3) the society self-reliance can be seen in the case of choosing the profession or the type of business, in doing the investment and capital and also entrepreneurship culture, (4) institution reinforcement in the meaning of institution (manufacture) and also institution in social norm meaning. The institutions which show the reinforcement marking are LKM Swamitra Mina, Kedai Pesisir, and Fisherman Group “Mina Bahari 45”, and also Society of Coastal Woman, the inforcement LEPP-M3 still has the be continuously done. There are two institutions namely P3MP and Business Clinic, which their existences still require to be re-evaluated (5) the partnership cooperation is still in the form of the intra business scale partnership, whereas mutualism-partnership is still in the exploratory level. Specific recommendation of this research are (1) the continuous or non-stopped socialization has to be conducted to develop the high participation, (2) the traning programs have to be adapted to a society requirement, (3) the institution is instructed to grow and develop the spirit of entrepreneurship, and (4) the partnership cooperation is extended on the basis of mutual consideration in profit for both parties (mutualism partnership).

Kata Kunci : Pemberdayaan,Partisipasi,Peningkatan kapasitas,Kemandirian,Penguatan kelembagaan,Kemitraan, empowering, participation, capacity development, self-reliance, institution reinforcement, partnership