BEHAVIOURAL STRATEGIES OF BACKYARD POULTRY KEEPERS IN RESPONDING TO AVIAN INFLUENZA CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT POLICY IN SEMARANG CITY
SAFITRI NUR TAQWANINGTYAS, Dr. Alberto Gianoli,
2011 | Tesis | S2 Magist.Prnc.Kota & DaerahSejak kemunculannya di tahun 2003 Avian influenza (AI) telah menimbulkan kerugian besar terhadap penghidupan dan kesehatan masyarakat. Untuk mengantisipasi dampak yang sama di masa depan pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bertujuan mencegah dan mengendalikan penularan AI. Tetapi kebijakan ini juga berpotensi merusak penghidupan masyarakat terutama peternak ayam di pekarangan atau yang dikenal dengan peternakan ayam sector IV. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai efektivitas kebijakan pengendalian dan penanganan AI di Kota Semarang dilihat dari respon peternak ayam sektor IV terhadap kebijakan tersebut. Melalui pendekatan sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) yang dikembangkan oleh DFID dilihat pengaruh asset penghidupan terhadap perilaku dan sikap masyarakat. Selain itu juga dicari faktor-faktor lainnya yang menentukan respon masyarakat terhadap kebijakan AI tersebut. Kebijakan AI di Kota Semarang terdapat di dalam Peraturan Daerah No.6/2007 tentang Kesehatan Hewan dan Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner dengan AI merupakan salah satu isu utama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari empat aset penghidupan (manusia, keuangan, fisik, dan sosial) di dalam produksi unggas, asset manusia dan keuangan merupakan faktor yang paling mempengaruhi respon masyarakat terhadap kebijakan AI. Pengetahuan tentang AI serta kebijakannya nampaknya menentukan bagaimana masyarakat berperilaku dan bersikap terhadap rekomendasi-rekomendasi tentang pemeliharaan unggas yang benar. Secara umum peternak ungggas sektor IV di Kota Semarang memiliki pengetahuan yang terbatas tentang AI dan kebijakan pengendalian AI yang diduga akibat kurangnya informasi dan sosialisasi kebijakan AI. Selain itu keterbatasan sumber keuangan membuat orang enggan mengikuti beberapa regulasi tentang pemeliharaan unggas terutama yang berhubungan dengan desinfeksi, vaksinasi, dan pengandangan unggas. Sedangkan budaya serta persepsi dan kepercayaan yang dipengaruhi ajaran agama merupakan factor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan masyarakat terhadap kebijakan AI terutama dalam hal pengandangan dan pelaporan adanya dugaan kejadiaan AI di lingkungannya. Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas implementasi kebijakan pengendalian AI beberapa hal perlu dilakukan. Pertama yaitu kampanye AI yang berkelanjutan. Kedua, sosialisasi kebijakan AI secara intensif terutama di daerah dimana masih banyak orang memelihara unggas di pekarangan. Ketiga, menyusun strategi komunikasi yang efektif dengan tujuan jangka panjang perubahan perilaku masyarakat. Terakhir memperkuat kebijakan pengendalian AI.
Avian Influenza (AI) has brought about tremendous impact both on the livelihood and public health since it emerged in 2003 and spread globally. Considering this, the government issued the policy aiming to prevent and control AI infection. However, along with its intention to mitigate an outbreak caused by AI virus, the policy potentially affects people livelihood in particular those engaging in backyard poultry keeping. This study tries to assess the effectiveness of the policy on AI control and management in Semarang city from people’s responses toward the policy. By adopting DFID sustainable livelihood framework (SLA), the study seeks for the influence of livelihood assets on the behaviours and attitudes and for the possible other factors that may determine the responses toward the policy. To prevent and control AI infection in Semarang City, the government issued Local Law No.6/2007 concerning on Animal Health and Veterinary Public Health where AI is one of the main issues. The findings of the study reveal that of four assets (human capital, financial capital, physical capital, and social capital) related to poultry production, human capital and financial capital are the most influential factors in responding to the policy on AI control and management. AI knowledge as well as knowledge on the policy appears to determine people’s behaviours and attitudes toward recommendations pertaining to backyard poultry keeping. Lack of information and lack of socialization of the policy is supposed to be main cause of low level of AI knowledge. Financial constraint due to limited financial source makes people reluctant to comply with some regulations particularly those related to the application of disinfection and vaccination and poultry caging as well. The study also finds additional factors underlying people’s non compliance with the policy particularly related to caging and report. Backyard poultry keepers’ refusal of caging is influenced by their cultural and religious-based perception and belief. The same factor is also behind people’s un-willingness to report AIsuspected occurrence. Based on the findings of the study, it is proposed recommendations to improve the effectiveness of implementation of the policy. Fist is incessant campaign on AI to increase and maintain public awareness of AI as well as awareness of public and environmental health. Second, intensive socialization of the policy on AI control and management should be conducted throughout the whole areas of Semarang city particularly in neighbourhoods where many people engage in backyard poultry keeping. Third is establishing effective communication strategies including long term objective to make behavioural change within communities. Lastly, fulfil the gap within the policy to increase the enforcement of the policy.
Kata Kunci : Avian Influenza, kebijakan, peternakan ayam sektor IV, asset penghidupan, perilaku dan sikap.
