Kapitalisasi dalam usaha tani lahan kering di Desa Kebonrejo, Kecamatan Kepung, Kabupaten Kediri, Jawa Timur

RUSTINSYAH, Promotor Prof. Dr. Hari Purwanto

2009 | Disertasi |

Penelitian ini bertujuan menjawab pertanyaan penelitian 1) Bagaimanakah aspek kapitalisasi usaha tani? Sejauhmanakah dampak kapitalisasi usaha tani menimbulkan persoalan dan peluang bagi kehidupan ekonomi petani?2) Bagaimana strategi budaya petani dalam merespons dampak kapitalisasi usaha tani? 3) Siapakah pihak yang diuntungkan dan dirugikan? 4) Sejauhmanakah kapitalisasi usaha tani mengakibatkan perubahan struktur sosial masyarakat petani pedesaan?. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan telah dilakukan penelitian dengan pendekatan kausalitas-responsif dengan penjelasan etnografi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan beberapa tahap, tahun 1999/2000 dengan melakukan observasi disebut Grand Tour Observation, sejak tahun 2004 hingga 2006 melakukan pengumpulan data secara intensif di lapangan dengan observasi partisipasi dan wawancara. Wawancara terhadap informan dengan pengambilan sampel secara purposif. Untuk memperlancar pengumpulan data peneliti menggunakan pedoman wawancara dan istrumen lainnya Petani Desa Kebonrejo merupakan petani lahan kering dengan pola tanaman komersial dan sedang dalam proses kapitalisasi pertanian. Kapitalisasi pertanian di desa ini berjalan lancar karena: 1) Keinginan petani mendapatkan keuntungan ekonomi; 2) Tersedianya tenaga kerja upahan; 3) Tanah milik individual; 4) Keberadaan pedagang, distributor sarana produksi pertanian di desa serta beberapa kegiatan promosi perusahaan obat pertanian multinatsional; 5) Pembeli hasil pertanian dari desa dan luar desa; 6) Lembaga dan perorangan yang menyediakan kredit; 7) Infrastruktur yang mendukung kegiatan ekonomi pertanian; 8) Kebijakan pemerintah yang memberikan kebebasan kepada petani untuk bercocok tanam. Kapitalisasi usaha tani menimbulkan persoalan antara lain: 1) Perubahan ekosistem dan menurunnya kualitas ekologis akibat perubahan pola tanam dan ketergantungan terhadap pupuk kimia dan pestisida. Diversifikasi pola tanam atau tumpangsari undo usuk untuk mengurangi resiko pasar, lingkungan, mendapatkan keuntungan ekonomi, memberdayakan sumberdaya tanah dan mengatur ketersediaan modal; 2) Ketergantungan petani menggunakan pupuk kimia dan pestisida disebabkan keinginan mendapatkan keuntungan ekonomi, kekawatiran kegagalan panen, dan keberhasilan perusahaan pestisida memasarkan produknya melalui berbagai program farmer meeting, membuat proyek percontohan, menyediakan konsultan dan bekerja sama dengan petani maju di desa, distributor lokal, birokrat, dan sebagainya; 3) Sejumlah petani terjerat hutang bahkan ada yang bangkrut akibat fluktuasi harga pasar; 4) Individuindividu yang dirugikan antara lain petani miskin yang tidak mempunyai kapital tetap dan statis, petani yang hanya mengandalkan sumber penghasilan dari sektor pertanian. Mereka rentan terhadap fluktuasi pasar sehingga muncul ”petani kaya semu”. Strategi mengatasi persoalan petani belum dapat dikatakan berhasil karena jumlah rumah tangga petani miskin cukup tinggi. Di sisi lain, kapitalisasi usaha tani menimbulkan dampak positif antara lain: 1) Produksi pertanian berjalan lancar sehingga munculnya kegiatan ekonomi di luar pertanian seperti berdagang; 2) Munculnya petani-pedagang, sejumlah petani-pedagang sebagai petani-petani kaya; 3) Petani kaya dapat menggerakkan kegiatan ekonomi desa meskipun adakalanya megeksploitasi petani miskin. Individu atau lembaga yang mendapatkan keuntungan adalah para kapitalis, misalnya pedagang, yang menyediakan kredit, pembeli hasil pertanian, monopolis-monopolis lainnya, dan warga desa yang progresif dapat menangkap peluang usaha ekonomi yang menguntungkan. Pedagang sebagai kapitalis desa mempunyai spirit of capitalism seperti keberanian mengambil resiko. Keberanian resiko dalam melakukan diversifikasi usaha ekonomi, memanfaatkan kredit, menjadi patron, dan mendahulukan kepentingan yang dipandang menguntungkan atau profit first. Kapitalisasi usaha tani menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan struktur sosial. Perubahan struktur sosial di kalangan petani pedesaan antara lain 1) Meluasnya jaringan relasi sosial dengan individu, institusi di desa dan luar desa; 2) Tata relasi sosial yang beragam merupakan kombinasi moral, fungsional, rasional, dan umumnya bersifat longgar. Eksistensi tata hubungan moral seperti tolong menolong antar kerabat, tetangga cenderung rasional sehingga pengingkaran relasi ekonomi dapat menimbulkan konflik dan menghilangnya kegiatan gotong royong dalam kegiatan produksi pertanian; 3) Eksistensi hubungan patron-klien, hubungan kontraktual untuk kelangsungan kegiatan tani dan kepentingan lainnya; 4) Relasi sosial petani dan birokrat khususnya petugas pertanian kurang harmonis; 5) Perubahan relasi sosial tatap muka dengan menggunakan teknologi (telpon,handphone) memperlancar kegiatan ekonomi; 6) Kepemilikan barang manufaktur sebagai simbol status sosial meningkatkan perilaku konsumtif; 7) Pergeseran norma, adat istiadat, misalnya penyelenggaraan upacara bersih desa untuk kepentingan ekonomi lembaga komersial dan individu tertentu. Petani Desa Kebonrejo umumnya merupakan petani yang responsif dan rasional dalam menghadapi persoalan dan sejumlah petani mempunyai spirit of capitalism. Meskipun kapitalisasi usaha tani tidak selalu menguntungkan petani tetapi dapat menggerakkan kegiatan ekonomi pedesaan.

This research aims at answering the following questions: 1) How are aspects of capitalization in agriculture?; 2)How far are the impacts of capitalization in agriculture toward the economic system of rural peasants?, 3) How are cultural and social relationship strategies of the rural peasants in facing the impacts of capitalization-based agriculture?, and 4) How far do the impacts of the capitalization-based agriculture cause changes in social-cultural structure among the rural peasants?. To answer the questions above, a research with a causality-responsive approach supported by ethnographic explanation had been conducted through some steps as follows. In 1999/2000 observation called Grand Tour Observation was first done. In 2004/2006 data collecting was intensively carried out in the area by using participative observation and interview. The interview toward the informants was done by purposive sampling. The researcher used interview guidance and other instruments for data gathering. The peasants of Kebonrejo represent dry land farming with commercial crop pattern and in the process of capitalization. Capitalization of agriculture in this village runs well because it is supported by several components respectively: 1) The desire of peasant gets economic advantage; 2) Available labor force; 3) The private of land ownership; 4) Merchant suppliers of fertilizers, pesticide and the multinational companies with their promotion program as sellers of chemical fertilizers; 5) Purchasers of agricultural products within and beyond the village; 6) Institutions and individuals who is providing credit; 7) Infrastructures supporting agricultural economic activities such as transportation, telephone, traditional market, etc; 8)The policy of government giving freedom of peasants in cultivation. Capitalization in agriculture generates some problems are: 1) The decline of ecosystem quality because the changes of patterns planting from coffee plantation on slope of mountain to season-based plants horticulture. The diversification of plantation patterns or tumpangsari undo usuk was practiced to reduce the market and environmental risk, to get economic benefit, empowering the land resources and to manage the capital supply; 2) The dependency of peasants applie chemical fertilizer and pesticide because desire gets economic advantages, in fear of failure of crop, and success of company to sell that product through various programme, for example farmer meeting, pilot proyect, provide consultant, and makes cooperation with rich peasants, local distributor, and bureaucrat, etc. 3) A number of peasants suffer from the credit problems and even are caught in debts, continuously endless or gali lubang tutup lubang. Furthermore, they are finally bankrupt; 4) The individuals harmed, for example poor peasant which have not capital and static, land owner peasant relying on source of earning from agricultural sector. The cultural strategies of peasants to overcome the problem have not yet succeeded because peasants at village are poor and snared in problem. On the other side some positive impact of capitalization agriculture as follow. 1) The process of agriculture production go well; 2) Appearance the economic activity off-farm especially peasant-merchant. A number of peasantsmerchant are rich peasants; 3) The rich peasants can move rural economic activity although sometimes as exploitation toward poor peasant. Individuals and institute get benefit are they mastering capital for example merchants, individual or institute providing credit, monopolists, and others. The capitalists have spirit of capitalism as risk taking behaviour in doing diversification effort economic, exploits credit, becomes patron and profit first. The capitalization in agriculture causes the social structure changes are indicated by: 1) Expansion of social relation network with individuals and organization within and beyond the village; 2) The diversity of characteristic of social relation with combination moral, functional, and rational. The social relations in kinship, neighbour based on moral, and tends toward rational, such as mutual borrowing-lending of bonds, finance, cooperation in economic activities. Economic relations between kinship tighten social relationships familiarity, if happened denial of economic relations causes conflict. The social relations of inter-village tending to be rational endanger the mutual assistance or gotong royong in agricultural production activities because it is replaced by the temporary labours and the availability of local merchants supplying production matters, 3) The existence of social relations patron–client and contractual to the continuity of agricultural activity. Those social relations generally have flexible character. For example: a) the weakness of social relation patron-client between rich peasants and poor-peasants, b) social relations patron-client between peasants and buyers agricultural product especially bakul generally strong; 4) The social relationship of peasants and bureaucrat especially agricultural official are less harmonious; 5) The change of face to face social relation replaced by technological products as telephone and hand-phone in economic activities; 6)The manufactured product property as a symbol of social status; 7) Relationship of village citizen with supranatural creature which is realized in ritual “Upacara Bersih Desa” becomes commercial and less sacral because it was coopted by the advertisement from the company of pesticide. Generally peasant in Kebonrejo village is rational, responsive in facing problem and a number of peasants have of spirit of capitalism. Therefore though capitalization of agriculture is not always profitable for peasant, it is able to move rural economic activities.

Kata Kunci : Petani lahan kering, Pedesaan Jawa, Dampak kapitalisasi usaha tani, Peluang dan persoalan, Perubahan struktur sosial, Javanese peasant, dry land farming, impact capitalization in agriculture, problem and opportunity, social structure change