PENGARUH CEKAMAN MANGAN TERHADAP SIFAT ANATOMI DAN PERTUMBUHAN PADA FASE PEMBIBITAN UTAMA KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

ERNAWATI, Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra, S.P., M.P., Ph.D; Prof. Dr. Ir. Didik Indradewa Dip. Agr. St.

2018 | Skripsi | S1 AGRONOMI

Kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman penghasil minyak nabati yang paling banyak dikonsumsi dan dibudidayakan hingga ke lahan-lahan sub optimal. Konsentrasi Mn melebih batas optimum (>1000 ppm) pada tanah dengan pH ekstrem rendah diduga menyebabkan keracunan tanaman kelapa sawit, sehingga berdampak pada perubahan karakter anatomi maupun pertumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi Mn yang meracun dan mempelajari tanggapan karakter anatomi dan pertumbuhan serta menentukan hubungan antara perubahan karakter anatomi dan pertumbuhan kelapa sawit dalam kondisi keracunan Mn. Percobaan Lapangan disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL) faktor tunggal dengan tiga blok sebagai ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji ialah konsentrasi larutan mangan sulfat (MnSO4), terdiri dari tiga konsentrasi yaitu 0 ppm, 700 ppm dan 1400 ppm. Pengambilan tanaman destruktif dilakukan dua kali ketika bibit kelapa sawit menunjukkan gejala ringan (11 minggu setelah perlakuan) dan gejala berat (19 minggu setelah perlakuan). Variabel yang diamati berupa karakter media pertumbuhan, kadar dan serapan Mn jaringan, karakter anatomi akar dan daun bibit kelapa sawit, serta karakter pertumbuhan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis varians (ANOVA) taraf kepercayaan 5% dan dilanjutkan dengan uji HSD Tukey's taraf kepercayaan 5%. Karakter anatomi dan pertumbuhan dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi. Hubungan antara karakter anatomi dan pertumbuhan dianalisis menggunakan analisis korelasi. Hasil penelitian memberikan informasi bahwa konsentrasi Mn jaringan > 316 ppm mulai merubah karakter anatomi kelapa sawit hibrida Simalungun meliputi penebalan epidermis akar, penyempitan diameter xilem dan floem, peningkatan panjang dan lebar sel korteks, peningkatan panjang dan lebar sel epidermis daun, peningkatan panjang dan lebar palisade serta bunga karang. Perubahan karakter pertumbuhan dapat berupa penurunan nilai luas daun, bobot segar dan kering akar, serta bobot segar dan kering tajuk seiring kenaikan konsentrasi Mn yang diaplikasikan. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara tebal jaringan endodermis dan perisikel dengan bobot kering akar, serta panjang dan lebar sel palisade dengan bobot kering tajuk.

Palm oil is the most widely consumed vegetable oil-producing plant and is cultivated to sub-optimal lands. Mn concentration exceeds the optimum limit (> 1000 ppm) in soils with low extremes of pH allegedly causing palm oil toxicity, thus affecting the change in anatomy character as well as growth. The research aims to determine of Mn excess concentrations and to study the responses of anatomical character and growth as well as determine the relationship between changes in anatomical character and oil palm growth in conditions of Mn toxicity. Field Experiments were arranged in a Single Randomized Block Design (RCBD) single factor with three blocks as replicates. The treatment was the concentration of mangan sulfate solution (MnSO4), consisting of three concentrations is 0 ppm, 700 ppm and 1400 ppm. Destructive plant retrieval was performed twice when oil palm seedlings showed mild symptoms (11 weeks after treatment) and severe symptoms (19 weeks after treatment). The variables observed were growth media character, Mn tissue content and absorption, root anatomical character and oil palm seedlings, and growth characteristic. The data obtained were analyzed variance (ANOVA) 5% confidence level and continued with Tukey's HSD test. Anatomical and growth characteristics were analyzed using regression analysis. The relationship between anatomical character and growth was analyzed using correlation analysis. The results of the study provide information that the Mn tissue concentration > 316 ppm starts to change the anatomical character of Simalungun hybrid such as thickening of the root epidermis, narrowing the diameter of xylem and phloem, increasing the length and width of cortical cells, increasing the length and width epidermal cells of leaves, increased length and width of the palisade and sponges. Changes in growth character decrease in the value of leaf area, fresh weight and dried root, as well as fresh and dried crown weight as the increase in Mn concentration is applied. There is a negative correlation between the thickness of the endodermic and pericycle tissue with root dry weight, as well as the length and width of palisade cells with dry weights of the canopy.

Kata Kunci : anatomi, kelapa sawit, keracunan mangan, pertumbuhan / anatomy, growth, oil palm, manganese toxicity