"Kabudayaan Djowo" Identitas Kultural Masyarakat Diaspora Jawa-Suriname di Belanda

AGIT PRIMASWARA, Dr. Lono Lastoro Simatupang M.A.

2017 | Tesis | S2 ILMU ANTROPOLOGI

Masyarakat diaspora Jawa-Suriname di Belanda merupakan salah satu kelompok masyarakat diaspora Jawa yang telah mengalami dua diaspora yaitu di Suriname dan di Belanda. Mereka memaknai kebudayaan Jawa dengan sebutan "Kabudayaan Djowo" . Ada dua pemaknaan apa itu yang disebut "Kabudayaan Djowo". Pertama, sering diucapkan oleh masyarakat Jawa-Suriname di Belanda untuk mengambarkan kebudayaan Kraton yang ada di Jawa. Kebudayaan yang dimaksud adalah seni musik "klenengan" atau lebih dikenal gamelan, seni pertunjukan, dan Pewayangan. Kedua, dianggap sebagai tradisi Jawa yang sudah diadakan turun temurun secara sederhana, tidak formal, tidak dramatis, dan tidak berkasta. Guyub Rukun menjadi konsep dasar dalam membangun kebudayaan tersebut. Antara lain: Kenduren, Bakdah Kupat, Slametan termasuk Party-party dan kegiatan isu-isu kontemporer saat ini termasuk visual culture. Kedua pemaknaan tersebut secara kultural telah mendorong masyarakat Jawa-Suriname dalam memahami Identitasnya. Penelitian ini secara teoritis dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana masyarakat diaspora Jawa-Suriname di Belanda membangun identitas kejawannya, apakah identitas itu lahir dari sebuah kontruksi, ketika identitas diperalat secara strategis dalam konteks diaspora. Pengumpulan data lapangan dilakukan dalam kurun waktu tiga bulan, dari bulan Mei 2015 sampai agustus 2015 menggunakan metode multi-sited, observasi partisipatoris, wawancara, media sosial, studi arsip dan dokumentasi visual. Multi-sited mengamati kegiatan masyarakat diaspora JawaSuriname di Belanda tidak hanya dalam satu lokasi geografis. Observasi partisipatoris membantu dalam pengamatan dan pendekatan kepada informan. Wawancara melibatkan limabelas informan untuk mengungkap hal-hal yang tidak bisa ditangkap melalui observasi partisipatoris. Media sosial membantu dalam melihat tokoh dan kegiatan apa saja yang dilakukan masyarakat diaspora JawaSuriname di Belanda guna membangun identitas mereka sebagai Jawa. Studi arsip dan dokumentasi visual digunakan sebagai data pendukung. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa masyarakat diaspora Jawa-Suriname di Belanda membangun identitas Jawa, pertama meliputi bahasa, iteraksi, ritual, kesenian dan gaya hidup komunal masyarakat. Kedua masyarakat diaspora JawaSuriname juga membentuk komunitas-komunitas komunal yang didasari oleh sebuah pengalaman historis. Ketiga membangun identitas kultural Jawa melalui konsep "rumah", untuk melengkapi perasaan mereka sebagai Jawa. Pandanganpandangan itu dibangun melalui sebuah kontruksi identitas yang mereka maknai sebagai Kabudayaan Djowo, sebuah pengabdian kepada sang leluhur untuk menjaga dan melestarikan budaya Jawa.

ABSTRACT Suriname-Javanese diaspora society in Netherlands is one of Javanese diaspora communities that has been transformed within two diasporas which are in Suriname and Netherlands. They interpret the Javanese culture as "Kabudayaan Djowo". There are two interpretations of "Kabudayaan Djowo". First, it is often interpreted by Suriname-Javanese community in the Netherlands to portray the culture of Kraton in Java which is called as Klenengan or well-known as Gamelan, performing arts, and Pewayangan. Second, it is considered as Javanese culture that has been held hereditary for generations in simple form, informal, undramatic, and without castle which is called as Guyub Rukun. Guyub Rukun is a basic concept in constructing the culture by conducting activities such as kenduren, Bakdah Kupat, Slametan including parties and some activities to talk about currently contemporary issues including visual culture. Both interpretations have culturally encouraged Suriname-Javanese community in understanding their identity. Theoretically, this research was conducted to determine how Suriname-Javanese diaspora society in Netherlands construct their Javanese identity; whether it is in the form of construction or when the identity itself is being manipulated strategically in the context of the diaspora. Fieldwork or data collection process was conducted in three months started from May 2015 to August 2015 using the method of multi-sited, participatory observation, interviews, social media, archival studies and visual documentations. Multi-sited observes diaspora events from Suriname-Javanese communities in the Netherlands not only in one geographical location but also several geographical locations. Participatory observation assists in doing observation and approach to the informan. Interviews were conducted with fifteen informants to uncover things that cannot be captured completely through participatory observation. Social media helps in viewing figures and what activities that have been done by Suriname-Javanese diaspora communities in Netherlands in order to establish their identity as Javanese. Archival studies and visual documentations are used as supporting data. The findings of this research indicate that Suriname-Javanese diaspora communities in Netherlands construct their Javanese identity within three forms; first, the use of language, interactions among Javanese, rituals, arts, and lifestyle in the community. Second, the creation of communal communities which is constituted by the same historical experience. Third, the building or creation of Javanese cultural identities through the concept of "Rumah" to complement their feelings as Java. Those views were built through an identity construction that they interpret as Kabudayaan Djowo; a devotion to the ancestors to maintain and preserve Javanese culture.

Kata Kunci : Diaspora, Kabudayaan Djowo, Identity, Construction, Java, Suriname, Netherlands