DISKRIMINASI DAN RASISME DALAM SEPAKBOLA: SEBUAH GERAKAN PERLAWANAN KELOMPOK ULTRAS DI FREIBURG, JERMAN

ADITYA RIZKI PRATAMA, Prof.Dr.Irwan Abdullah

2017 | Skripsi | S1 ANTROPOLOGI BUDAYA

INTISARI Corrillo Ultras dan Supporter Crew SC Freiburg merupakan suporter yang hadir di dalam komunitas suporter sepakbola bergaya Ultras. Di Jerman sendiri, Ultras merupakan format yang populer. Beberapa stereotip dan stigma buruk masih melekat pada kelompok Ultras. Mulai dari suporter yang lekat dengan kekerasan dan vandalisme, hingga keterkaitannya dengan paham sayap kanan dan Neo-Nazi. Berbanding terbalik dengan stereotip yang ada, Corrillo Ultras dan Supporter Crew SC Freiburg malah melakukan berbagai kegiatan sosial yang berfokus kepada isu diskriminasi dan rasisme. Muncul pertanyaan, mengapa Corrillo Ultras dan Suppoter Crew SC Freiburg aktif terlibat dalam program sosial? Bagaimana dua kelompok Ultras di Freiburg mempersepsikan isu sosial yang sedang berkembang? Serta bagaimana kemudian Ultras didefinisikan di Freiburg? Berdasarkan pertanyaan diatas, dilakukanlah penelitian mengenai kelompok Ultras di Freiburg, Jerman. Penelitian diselenggarakan dalam rangka riset tridem hasil kerjasama anatara Universutas Gadjah Mada, Universitas Hasanuddin, dan Albert-Ludwigs Universitat Freiburg dengan melibatkan enam informan dari pihak Ultras, dan beberapa informan dari pihak lain dalam lingkup suporter. Penelitisan ini dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara mendalam dan observasi partisipasi. Melalui hasil penelitian, terlihat bagaimana pandangan masyarakat mengenai Ultras, bagaimana Ultras memandang isu sosial yang sedang terjadi di dalam lingkup suporter di Jerman, serta apa yang melatarbelakangi kedua Ultras tersebut dalam melakukan program sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di Freiburg, Ultras didefinisikan secara berbeda berdasarkan kelompok masyarakatnya. Stereotip timbul karena adanya perbedaan pengetahuan mengenai Ultras dalam masing-masing kelompok masyarakat. Di sisi lain, terlihat bahwa Corrillo Ultras dan Supporter Crew SC Freiburg telah memiliki kesadaran moralitas yang tinggi dalam memandang isu imigran dan pengungsi. Inisiatif gerakan perlawanan kemudian timbul setelah kedua Ultras tersebut khawatir akan keberadaan sentimen-sentimen rasisme pada lingkup suporter dan masyarakat Jerman yang serupa ketika Nazi Jerman bangkit setelah Perang Dunia pertama.

Abstract Corrillo Ultras and Supporter Crew SC Freiburg are football-supporters which presented in a form of Ultras. In Germany itself, Ultras is a prominent scene of football supporter groups. Nevertheless, it is also well-known that there are a lot of stereotypes and stigma which attached to the Ultra-groups in general. From closely tied to communal violence and vandalism, to its association with right-wing ideology and Neo-Nazi movement. Conversely, Corrillo Ultras and Supporter Crew SC Freiburg had been organizing a various programs which focusing on issues of discrimination and racism. Some questions arise; why does Corrillo Ultras and Supporter Crew SC Freiburg actively involved in various social programs? How they perceive the emerging social issues? And how then, Ultras are being defined among citizens in Freiburg? Based on questions above, research had been conducted on a Ultra-groups in Freiburg, Germany. This research was conducted in the framework of Tridem Research Program between Universitas Gadjah Mada, Universitas Hasanuddin, and Albert-Ludwigs Universitat Freiburg involving six informants from the Ultra-groups, and several informants from other parties within the scope of the fans. This research had done using the methods of deep interview and participant observation, from the research that conducted, it shows how people’s view about Ultras, how Ultras sees social issues which going on within the scope of fan-scene in Germany, as well as what is the background of social program which organized by these two Ultra-groups in Freiburg. The result shows that in Freiburg, Ultras are defined differently by various communities. Stereotype arises caused by the differences of knowledge and information about Ultras in their respective communities. On the other hand, it appears that Corrillo Ultras and Supporter Crew SC Freiburg already have a high morality awareness in looking at the issue of immigrants and refugees that comes to Germany. Initiatives of resistance movement arose after these two Ultra-groups worried of racism and discrimination sentiments grows in public sphere and German fan-scene which is similar when Nazi Germany arose after the 1st World War.

Kata Kunci : Ultras, Jerman, Suporter Sepakbola, Gerakan Sosial, Counter-culture