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SOCIAL SOLIDARITY BETWEEN MINANGKABAU AND CHINESE ETHNIC GROUPS IN POST-2009 EARTHQUAKE IN PADANG, WEST SUMATRA, INDONESIA: TRANSFORMING DISASTER POLICY AND GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK

LAILA KHOLID ALFIRDAUS, Zainal Abidin Bagir, Ph. D dan Farsijana Adeney-Risakotta, Ph. D

2016 | Disertasi | S3 INTER-RELIGIOUS STUDIES

Disertasi ini fokus pada solidaritas sosial antara etnis Minangkabau (Minang) dan Cina di Padang dalam konteks paska bencana gempa 2009. Disertasi ini meminjam beberapa teknik metode etnografi untuk pengumpulan dataya, yang meliputi wawanara mendalam dan observasi langsung, dan untuk pendekatan datanya guna melakukan analisis. Penelitian lapangan dilaksanakan pada tahun 2013 dan 2014, dan ditambah dengan data peneliti tahun 2010. Solidaritas sosial antara Minang dan Cina di Padang menarik dikaji karena memberikan gambaran yang lain tentang relasi keduanya, yang biasanya digambarkan berjarak. Meskipun Minang dan Cina sangat jarang terlibat dalam konflik kekerasan, ketegangan di antara mereka kadangkala tetap muncul. Penyebabnya antara lain perbedaan etnisitas, agama, dan persaingan ekonomi. Padahal, di beberapa aspek, Minang dan Cina saling terhubung, terikat dalam kegiatan kolektif, dan membangun kesaling-pahaman. Pemulihan kolektif paska gempa 2009 adalah contoh nyata. Ini menunjukkan potensi kelekatan akar rumput antar kelompok etnis yang berbeda di tengah berbagai tekanan sosial, yang terabaikan oleh sebagian besar orang, termasuk para pembuat kebijakan. Berdasarkan penelitian lapangan, disertasi ini menemukan bahwa praktik solidaritas sosial melibatkan peran yang signifikan dari setidaknya 4 lembaga akar rumput. Mereka mencakup kongsi, nagari, kampung dan pasar tradisional. Dalam konteks paska bencana gempa 2009, solidaritas sosial antara Minang dan Cina diwujudkan di antaranya dalam bentuk penyaluran bantuan bencana, rekonstruksi bersama fasilitas publik, dan penganugerahan gelar adat bagi etnis Cina. Penelusuran lebih lanjut menjelaskan bahwa solidaritas sosial Minang dan Cina di Padang paska bencana gempa 2009 memberikan gambaran tentang relasi keduanya yang selama ini kurang diperhatikan dalam diskusi akademis. Pertama, ia menunjukkan kesalingtergantungan ekonomi sehari-hari. Dalam konteks paska gempa misalnya terlihat dalam penghidupan kembali aktivitas perdagangan bersama. Dari perspektif budaya, ini menerangkan penerapan nilai budaya Minang, yaitu raso pareso, baik oleh Minang maupun Cina. Dari perspektif politik, ini menjelaskan bagaimana relasi kuasa berlangsung, termasuk didalamnya yang mencakup negosiasi, inklusi dan rekognisi. Karena menekankan pengakuan kewargaan di ranah akar rumput, solidaritas sosial antara Minang dan Cina tidak hanya mengandung dampak bagi relasi kedua kelompok etnis tersebut. Ia juga sekaligus menjadi sumber yang sangat penting bagi transformasi kerangka pikir kebijakan dan tatakelola bencana di Padang, yang sejauh ini diketahui sangat birokratis, dan tidak memiliki kepekaan yang kuat pada konteks masyarakat lokal. Sayangnya, dalam kebijakan dan tatakelola bencana di Padang, praktik-praktik solidaritas semacam ini belum begitu kuat diakui. Dari sisi pemerintah, ini berakar dari patologi tahu-semuanya di birokrasi. Sementara, dari sisi masyarakat, ini berasal dari mandeknya gerakan-gerakan civil society di Padang sehingga advokasi pengakuan warga dalam kebijakan dan tatakelola bencana terabaikan.

This study focuses on social solidarity between Minangkabau (Minang) and Chinese in Padang in the context of post-2009 earthquake. It is a case study that borrows some techniques of ethnography and historiography to collect data through in-depth interviews, direct observation and literature reviews and to approach data to conduct analysis. Field-works were conducted in 2013 and 2014 with additional data of my 2010 research. Social solidarity between Minang and Chinese in Padang is interesting to discuss because it gives another picture of the two ethnic groups relationships, which used to be viewed as distancing. Although Minang and Chinese are rare to get involved in violent conflicts, tensions between them are said to sometime arise. The causes are differences in ethnicity, religions, and economic competition. In fact, in some areas of life, Minang and Chinese are connected, tied in collective activities and share mutual understanding. Collective recovery between Minang and Chinese in post-2009 earthquake is a clear example. This shows us potentials of grass roots engagement between different ethnic groups, amid the social pressures, which most people, including policy makers, are not always aware of. Based on field works, this study found the practices of social solidarity involved the significant roles of at least 4 grass roots institutions. They include kongsi, nagari, kampung surrounding Pondok (Padang China town), and traditional markets. In the context of post-2009 earthquake recovery, the social solidarity is manifested through the distribution of aids, collective reconstruction of public facilities, and adat entitlement to ethnic Chinese. Further scrutiny will tell us that Minang and Chinese social solidarity in Padang post-2009 earthquake recovery has a crucial explanation for the two ethnic groups relationships, which are lack of attention in academic discussions. First, it shows us the interdependence of the two in running daily economy. In post-disaster context it appears in the collective reactivation of daily trading activities. Second, from the perspective of culture, it illuminates the application of the Minang cultural value and belief, namely raso pareso, by both Minang and Chinese ethnic groups. Finally, from the perspective of politics it tells us about power relations between the two ethnic groups, which also include negotiation, inclusion and recognition. For underlining citizenship recognition in grassroots level, social solidarity between Minang and Chinese not only has implication on the two ethnic groups relationships. It also becomes a crucial source for transforming the framework of disaster policy and governance in Padang, which so far is known to be very bureaucratic and not having strong sensitiveness to the local context. Unfortunately, in disaster policy and governance in Padang, such a practice was not strongly recognized. From the side of the government, this is due to the know-everything pathology in bureaucracy. From the side of society, this is due to the inconsistency in political activism of civil society elements.

Kata Kunci : Disaster; Social Solidarity; Economy, Culture/inter-religion and Politics of Collective Recovery, Citizenship across Ethnic and Religious Groups, and Disaster Policy and Governance Transformation.