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POLISEMI PADA VERBA LOOK: SEBUAH KAJIAN LINGUISTIK KOGNITIF

Prayudha, Dr. Aris Munandar, M.Hum.

2014 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Tesis ini mengkaji fenomena kebahasaan polisemi pada verba look dalam naungan kajian linguistik kognitif. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan (i) ciri semantis, (ii) konstruksi gramatikal, (iii) makna spasial dan makna perluasan, dan (4) makna prototipe dan jejaring semantis verba LOOK. Data diambil dari kamus dan korpus. Kamus memberikan data yang sistematis dan korpus menyediakan data yang kaya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptifkualitatif. Pelaksanaan metode ini melalui sejumlah tahapan: pengumpulan data, penganalisisan data, dan penyajian hasil analisis data. Tahapan penganalisisan data dilakukan menggunakan metode agih dan padan dengan sejumlah tekniknya. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa verba look perseptif agentif (look [A]) memiliki ciri semantis dinamis, telis, dan duratif dan verba look perseptif (look [P]) memiliki ciri semantis statis, atelis, dan pangtual. Dalam konstruksi verba frasal, verba frasal literal, aspektual, figuratif kognitif, figuratif pergerakan, figuratif aksiproses memiliki ciri semantis dinamis, telis, dan duratif sementara verba frasal figuratif emotif memiliki ciri semantis statis, atelis, dan duratif. Dengan ciri semantis demikian, verba look [A] bersifat transitif dan verba look [P] bersifat intransitif. Sementara itu, verba frasal literal dan aspektual dapat berada dalam konstruksi intransitif maupun transitif. Verba frasal figuratif kognitif, emotif, dan aksi-proses hanya dapat muncul dalam konstruksi transitif sementara verba frasal figuratif pergerakan hanya dapat muncul dalam konstruksi intransitif. Konstruksi gamatikal verba look yang ada memiliki sifat argumen masing-masing. Makna verba look terdiri dari empat makna spasial, 21 makna perluasan — juga meliputi sejumlah makna dalam konstruksi idiomatis. Makna spasial tersebut di miliki oleh verba look [A], verba frasal literal, dan aspektual. Makna perluasan verba look adalah ‘to seem to be’, ‘to turn away’, ‘to stare’, ‘to scrutinize’, ‘to predict’, ‘to remember’, ‘to consider’, ‘to underestimate’, ‘to admire’, ‘to feel happy’, ‘to expect’, ‘to beware’, ‘to become better’, ‘to examine’, ‘to delve’, ‘to search’, ‘to share’, ‘to take care of’, ‘to visit’, ‘to avoid’, dan ‘to read’. Sementara itu, keseluruhan makna perluasan verba look dalam konstruksi idiomatis merupakan idiom trnsparan. Dari keseluruhan makna verba look, makna spasial ‘PENGALAM mengarahkan tatapan ke arah STIMULUS’ menjadi makna prototipe. Makna tersebut terhubung dengan makna-makna perluasan yang terbagi ke dalam kelompok makna dalam sebuah jejaring semantis. Perluasan makna yang timbul dimotifasi oleh metafora: MENATAP ADALAH MEMIKIRKAN pada kelompok makna dengan atribut ‘berpikir’, MENATAP ADALAH MENGHAYATI pada kelompok makna dengan atribut ‘menghayati’, dan MENATAP ADALAH MELAKUKAN pada kelompok makna dengan atribut ‘melakukan aktifitas’. Keterkaitan dengan makna idiomatis sulit untuk ditelusuri namun secara umum idiom yang ada berkembang dari makna verba look [A] dan look [P].

This thesis investigates polysemy of verb look from the framework of Cognitive Linguistics. This thesis aims at describing, (i) the semantic characteristics of verb look, (ii) grammatical construction of verb look, (iii) the spatial meaning and the semantic extension of verb look, and (iv) the prototype meaning and the semantic network of verb look. The data is taken from the dictionary and corpus. Dictionary provides systematic data and the corpus provides rich data. The research method used was a descriptive-qualitative research method. The implementation of this method through a number of stages: data collection, analyzing data, and presenting the results of data analysis. The stage of analyzing the data was performed using agih and padan methods with a number of techniques. The study found that perceptive look agentive verb (look [A]) has dynamic, telic, and durative semantic characters while perceptive verb look (look [P]) has static, atelic, and punctual semantic characters. In phrasal verb construction, literal, aspectual, figurative cognitive, figurative movement, and figurative action-process phrasal verbs have dynamic, telic, and durative semantic characters while emotive figurative phrasal verb has static, atelic, and durative semantic characters. With such semantic characteristics, look [A] is a transitive verb and look [P] is an intransitive verb. Meanwhile, the aspectual and literal phrasal verbs can appear in intransitive and transitive constructions. The figurative cognitive, emotive, and action-process phrasal verbs can only occur in a transitive construction while the figurative movement phrasal verb can only appear in an intransitive construction. Each of grammatical constructions of look has particular characteristics of their arguments. Look consists of four spatial meaning, 21 extension meanings — also includes a number of idiomatic construction meanings. The spatial meanings belong to look [A] and the literal and aspectual phrasal verbs. The extension meanings are ‘to seem to be’, ‘to turn away’, ‘to stare’, ‘to scrutinize’, ‘to predict’, ‘to remember’, ‘to consider’, ‘to underestimate’, ‘to admire’, ‘to feel happy’, ‘to expect’, ‘to beware’, ‘to become better’, ‘to examine’, ‘to delve’, ‘to search’, ‘to share’, ‘to take care of’, ‘to visit’, ‘to avoid’, and ‘to read’. Meanwhile, all of the extension meanings of look in idiomatic construction are transparent idiom. The prototype meaning of look is the spatial meaning ‘PERCEIVER directs a gaze to a STIMULUS’. The prototype meaning is connected with the extension meanings which are divided into a number of groups of meaning in a semantic network. The extension meanings in the group of ‘thinking’ are motivated by a metaphor LOOKING IS THINKING. The extension meanings in the group of ‘internalize’ are motivated by a metaphor LOOKING IS INTERNALIZING and the extension meanings in the group of ‘doing’ are motivated by a metaphor LOOKING IS DOING. Linkage with the idiomatic meaning is difficult to trace. However, most of the idioms develop from the meaning of look [A] and look [P].

Kata Kunci : polisemi, look, linguistik kognitif, ciri semantis, konstruksi gramatikal, prototipe, jejaring semantis


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